# Multi-species Action Plan for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada and National Historic Sites administered by Parks Canada in Mainland Nova Scotia

Species at Risk Act

Action Plan Series

2026

© Parks Canada
Long description for cover image

The cover page is a series of seven photos arranged in clockwise order from the top left: Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii), photo credit: Jeffie McNeil; Petroglyph, photo credit: Parks Canada; Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus melodus), photo credit: A. DiMarco; Wisqoq (Fraxinus nigra), photo credit: Cody Chapman; Eastern Ribbonsnake (Thamnophis sauritus), photo credit: Wesley Pitts; Canoe, photo credit: Eric Le Bel; Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), photo credit: Jennifer Eaton.

## On this page

- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Executive Summary
- 1. Context
  - 1.1 Parks Canada Multi-species Action Planning
  - 1.2 Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site and National Historic Sites Administered by Parks Canada in Mainland NS
  - 1.3 Scope of the action plan
    - 1.3.1 Geographic scope
    - 1.3.2 Species scope
- 2. Site-based population and distribution objectives
- 3. Conservation and recovery measures
  - 3.1 Conservation and recovery measure approaches
  - 3.2 Classification of measures
- 4. Critical habitat
  - 4.1 Identification of critical habitat for Eastern Ribbonsnake (Atlantic population)
    - 4.1.1 Geographic location
    - 4.1.2 Biophysical attributes
    - 4.1.3 Examples of activities likely to result in destruction of critical habitat
  - 4.2 Identification of critical habitat for Vole Ears Lichen
    - 4.2.1 Geographic location
    - 4.2.2 Biophysical attributes
    - 4.2.3 Examples of activities likely to result in destruction of critical habitat
  - 4.3 Proposed measures to protect critical habitat
- 5. Evaluation of socio-economic costs and of benefits
- 6. Measuring progress
- 7. References
- Appendix A: Species information, objectives and monitoring plans for KNPNHS and NHSs of Mainland NS
- Appendix B: Conservation and recovery measures that will be implemented
- Appendix C: Other conservation and recovery measures that will be encouraged through partnerships or when additional resources become available

Document information

Recommended citation:

Parks Canada. 2026. Multi-species Action Plan for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada and National Historic Sites administered by Parks Canada in Mainland Nova Scotia. Species at Risk Act Action Plan Series. Parks Canada, Ottawa. x + 52 pp.

Official version

The official version of the recovery documents is the one published in PDF. All hyperlinks were valid as of date of publication.

Non-official version

The non-official version of the recovery document is published in HTML format and all hyperlinks were valid as of date of publication.

For copies of the action plan, or for additional information on species at risk, including Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports, residence descriptions, recovery strategies, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species At Risk Public Registry Footnote 1.

Cover illustrations (clockwise from top left): Blanding’s Turtle, photo credit: Jeffie McNeil; Petroglyph, photo credit: Parks Canada; Piping Plover, photo credit: A. DiMarco; Wisqoq, photo credit: Cody Chapman; Eastern Ribbonsnake, photo credit: Wesley Pitts; Canoe, photo credit: Eric Le Bel; Barn Swallow, photo credit: Jennifer Eaton.

French title:

Plan d’action multi-espèces pour le parc national et le lieu historique national du Canada Kejimkujik ainsi que pour les lieux historiques nationaux administrés par Parcs Canada dans la partie continentale de la Nouvelle-Écosse.

© His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, Climate Change and Nature, 2026. All rights reserved.

CW69-21/31-1-2026E-PDF
ISBN 978-0-660-98105-5

Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source.

## Preface

The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996) Footnote 2 agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. The Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA) was enacted to protect wildlife species at risk in Canada and to complement other legislation in conserving Canada’s biodiversity. Today, SARA is a key contributor Canada’s 2030 Nature Strategy – Halting and Reversing Biodiversity Loss in Canada, which charts a path for how Canada will implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Under SARA, the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of action plans for species listed as Extirpated, Endangered, and Threatened for which recovery has been deemed feasible. They are also required to report on progress five years after the publication of action plans on the Species at Risk Public Registry. Under SARA, action plans provide the detailed recovery planning that supports the strategic direction set out in recovery strategies. They outline what needs to be done to achieve the population and distribution objectives identified in recovery strategies, including the measures to be taken to address the threats, the monitoring of the recovery of the species, as well as the proposed measures to protect critical habitat identified for the species. Action plans also include an evaluation of the socio-economic costs of the plan and the benefits to be derived from its implementation. Action plans are considered one in a series of documents that are linked and should be taken into consideration together, including COSEWIC status reports, recovery strategies, and other action plans produced for the species.

The Minister responsible for Parks Canada Agency is the competent minister under SARA for species found in Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site and Mainland Nova Scotia National Historic Sites of Canada and has prepared this action plan to implement recovery strategies that apply to the park and historic sites as per section 47 of SARA. It has been prepared in cooperation with Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), and the Province of Nova Scotia as per section 48(1) of SARA.

Success in the recovery of these species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies and will not be achieved by Parks Canada or any other jurisdiction alone. All Canadians are invited to join in supporting and implementing this action plan for the benefit of multiple species and Canadian society as a whole.

Implementation of this action plan is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of Parks Canada and participating jurisdictions and organizations.

## Acknowledgments

Parks Canada would like to acknowledge those who have contributed to the development of this action plan.

We begin by acknowledging that Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site, as well as the other National Historic Sites within this plan, are located on unceded Mi’kmaq territory. Mi’kma’ki, the ancestral homeland of the Mi’kmaq People, is covered by the historic Treaties of Peace and Friendship. These lands have long been a place of ceremony and traditional teachings, and we honor the Mi’kmaq People, past, present, and future, who have cared for this land for over 12,000 years.

This action plan seeks to meaningfully incorporate Indigenous Knowledge, culturally significant species, and community perspectives. The development of this Multi-Species Action Plan has been a collaborative effort with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia, a partnership built over years of trust and shared understanding. Recognizing the essential role of Mi’kmaq knowledge in conservation, we have worked together through community visits, joint gatherings, and the Nuji-kelotaqitijik (Earth Keepers) program, fostering relationships that have directly shaped this plan. This spirit of collaboration will continue beyond the plan’s creation and remain central to the ongoing conservation efforts on these lands.

We would also like to acknowledge the many key partners whose expertise has been instrumental in enhancing our understanding of species at risk and their habitats. We are grateful for the contributions of the Confederacy of Mainland Mi’kmaq and Wasoqopa’q First Nation Earth Keepers, Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn (KMKNO), Ulnooweg Education Centre, Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre, Birds Canada, Canadian Museum of Nature, Clean Annapolis River Project, Coastal Action, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute, Mount Allison University, NS Department of Lands and Forestry, our neighboring Parks Canada Field Units in the Atlantic Region, and various Recovery Teams.

Lastly, we recognize and thank the people who share this land and its ecosystems. To the surrounding landowners, Kejimkujik visitors, and all those who feel a connection to these lands, your appreciation and support are vital to the continued protection of the species that call this place home.

Wela’liek, Merci, Thank You.

## Executive Summary

This Multi-species Action Plan for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada and National Historic Sites Administered by Parks Canada in Mainland Nova Scotia updates and replaces content in the Multi-species Action Plan for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada (Parks Canada Agency, 2017), hereafter referred to as the 2017 action plan. It applies to lands and waters occurring within the boundaries of Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site (KNPNHS), Kejimkujik National Park Seaside (Kejimkujik Seaside), nine National Historic Sites and one National Historic Event in Mainland NS (NHSs of Mainland NS). The plan identifies measures to conserve or recover SARA-listed species, species of conservation concern, and culturally important species that regularly occurFootnote 3 in Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS and fulfills SARA section 47 requirements for those species that require an action plan. In the spirit of a collaborative relationship with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia in co-managing Parks Canada-administered places, as described in the Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan (2022a), the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia and Parks Canada are working towards co-management of Kejimkujik, which is reflected in the development and implementation of this plan. Considerations related to Indigenous conservation and cultural species, landscape-scale conservation, climate-smart conservation, and ecological connectivity were central themes in the development of this action plan.

39 species that regularly occur in Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS are addressed in this action plan: 25 SARA-listed species and 14 additional species of conservation concern e.g., COSEWIC assessed but not SARA-listed, provincially listed and/or culturally significant species. Thirteen of the SARA-listed species are Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened (and require an action plan as per SARA) and 12 are Special Concern. Six culturally significant species have been identified for inclusion by the Mi’kmaq of NS that are not currently SARA-listed. Including non-SARA-listed species of conservation concern and species of cultural importance provides a comprehensive plan for species conservation and recovery at the site.

Long description of diagram

A donut diagram showing this action plan covers 39 total species, including 7 Endangered species, 6 Threatened species, 12 Special Concern species, 14 non-SARA listed species of conservation concern including species of cultural significance to the Mi’kmaq of NS.

5 site-based population and distribution objectives are identified in this plan and represent the site’s contribution to range-wide objectives for the species as identified in SARA recovery strategies and management plans. Measuring progress towards achieving site-based objectives over time will determine the ecological impacts of implementing the action plan.

Conservation and recovery measures were developed to mitigate the main threats to the species within Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS. The presence of knowledge gaps was the most prevalent threat, identified for 52% of the measures in Appendix B. Additional threatsFootnote 4 to species addressed within committed measures in this action plan are:

Long description of diagram

Five graphic bubbles depicting the five main threats to species at risk in KNPNHS and NHSs in Mainland NS which are: invasive non-native plants and animals, problematic native plants and animals, storm & severe weather, roads & railroads, and ecosystem encroachment.

32 conservation and recovery measures are identified as commitments in this action plan. An additional 61 measures will be implemented if resources and/or partnerships become available to support the work. The number of committed measures and their action categorizationsFootnote 5 are presented below:

Long description of diagram

Seven graphic bubbles depicting seven recovery action categories in KNPNHS and NHSs in Mainland NS, which are: 4 land and water management actions, 5 species management actions, 1 awareness raising action, 2 conservation designation & planning actions, 1 legal policy & frameworks action, 18 research and monitoring activities and 8 partnership and collaboration actions.

Critical habitat identified in the 2017 action plan for Eastern Ribbonsnake remains in place to ensure continuity of legal protection. Once the regional Eastern Ribbonsnake recovery strategy is amended to include this habitat, this action plan will be amended, and section 4.1 will be removed. Additional critical habitat for Vole Ears Lichen is identified in this action plan beyond what was previously included in the 2017 action plan. Measures to protect critical habitat identified for species addressed in this plan are described.

The financial cost to implement this action plan will be borne by Parks Canada, and through partnerships if resources become available. The main impacts of implementing the measures in this plan are expected to be minimal, mainly caused by restricted access to areas of Kejimkujik Seaside during Piping Plover breeding season and a ban on the importation of firewood into KNPNHS. Benefits of this action plan include the targeted recovery of species at risk and an overall positive impact on biodiversity, contributing to federal and global sustainability goals. Benefits also include enhanced landscape-scale initiatives through increased collaboration opportunities with partners, engagement opportunities for volunteers to participate in species conservation, and application of a holistic approach across all measures, including integration of Etuaptmumk (two-eyed seeing) and other cultural priorities.

Progress toward implementation of this action plan and meeting the site-based population and distribution objectives will be assessed annually and a report summarizing the results will be published on the Species at Risk Public Registry after five years, as per section 55 of SARA.

## Kisa’tikekewey Kaqiwikasik

Ula Milamuksultijik-mimajultite’wk Tel-lukwemk Kisitasik ukjit Kejikumkujik Nationaley Amalitasikewey Sa’qewey Etek ta’n Kana’ta aqq Nationale’l Sa’qewe’l Etekl Iknmuetasik ta’n Amalitasikl Kana’ta ta’n Msit-maqmikew No’pa Sko’sa wnaqitoql aqq apaji-ika’toq ewikasik ta’n na Milamuksultite’wk-mimajultite’wk Tel-lukwek Kisitasik ukjit Kejimkujik Nationaley Amalitasik aqq Nationaley Sa’qewey Etek ta’n Kana’ta (Amalitasikl Kana’ta Etl-lukwemk, 2017), tett-kaqiaq nestmalsikewtasik ta’n na elt 2017 tel-lukwek kisitasik. Ula nasiwikasik ta’n maqmikal aqq samqwann telitpiaq ta’n etl-we’tuteskasik ta’n Kejimkujik Nationaley Amalitasik aqq Nationaley Sa’qewey Etek (KNPHS), Kejimkujik Nationaley Amalitasik Apaqtukewey (Kejimkujik Apaqtukewey), pesqunatek te’sekl Nationale’l Sa’qewe’l Etekl aqq newte’ Nationaley Sa’qewey Telitpiaq ta’n Msit-maqmikew NS (NHSs ta’n Msit-maqmikew NS). Ta’n kisitasik nemitoql enkatkl ukjit westawiatmn aqq apaji-msnmn SARA-ewikasultijik mimajultite’wk, mimajultite’wk ta’n westawialujik despite’tmujik, aqq telo’ltimk nuta’jik mimajultite’wk ta’n apjiw telitpiaqFootnote 6 ta’n Kejimkujik aqq NHSs ta’n Msit-maqmikew NS aqq weju’peka’toq SARA Tepkistek 47 nuta’ql ukjit ula nekemowk mimajultite’wk ta’n nuta’tij na tel-lukwek kisitasik. Ta’n na kjijaqmik na ta’n kejikow ewi’kiksipnek Toqi’maliaptmu’k Kiskaja’tu’k (2025), ta’n Mi’kma’q na No’pa Sko’sa aqq Amalitasikl Kana’ta na elukwutijik pesu’kwatmi’tij na toqi-maliaptasik na Kejimkujik ta’n na apajapa’sik ta’n na eltasik aqq ewe’wasik ula ta’n kisitasik. Ta’n Mi’kma’q, Toqi’maliaptmu’k teluek “kinu na elt toqi-jiko’ttesnu.” Mikuaptmkl wiaqtekl na L’nueyey westawiatmk aqq telo’ltijik mimajultite’wk, maqmikewitasik-enkasik westawiasik, wksitqamukewey-seskwe’kewey westawiasik, aqq ecological toqijoqa’sikl na mekwaye’kewe’kl wisunkl ta’n na kisitasik ula ta’n tel-lukwek kisitasik.

39 mimajultite’wk ta’n kaqisk telitpiaq na Kejimkujik aqq NHSs ta’n Msit-maqmikew NS na wesku’tasik ta’n ula tel-lukwek kisitasik: 25 SARA-ewikasultijik mimajultite’wk aqq 14 me’ mimajultite’wk ta’n westawialujik sespite’tmujik e.g., COSEWIC jikeyujik katu mu SARA-ewikasultijik, provincially ewikasultijik aqq/kisna telo’ltimkewe’k nuta’jik mimajultite’wk. Newtiska’q jel si’st ta’n SARA-ewikasultijik mimajultite’wk na Ketmaqseto’tkik, Ketmaqsenutkik, kisna Lukwaqna’lujik (aqq nuta’q na tel-lukwek kisitasik elt ta’n SARA) aqq 12 na Mawi-Sespite’tasik. Asukom telo’ltijik nuta’jik mimajultite’wk na ta’n nenusnik ukjit wiaqa’luksinew ta’n na Mi’kma’q ta’n NS ta’n na mu nike’ SARA-ewikasultite’wk. Wiaqtek mu-SARA-ewikasulti’k mimajultite’wk ta’n westawialujik sespite’tmujik aqq mimajultite’wk ta’n telo’ltimk nuta’q iknmuetoq na nestasik kisitasik ukjit mimajultite’wk westawialujik aqq apaji-msnujik ta’n na etek.

Long description of diagram

A donut diagram showing this action plan covers 39 total species, including 7 Endangered species, 6 Threatened species, 12 Special Concern species, 14 non-SARA listed species of conservation concern including species of cultural significance to the Mi’kmaq of NS. Text is written in Mi’kmaq.

5 etek-wiaqtek te’sek aqq iknmuetasik tel-lukwutimkl na nenasikl ta’n ula kisitasik aqq apoqnmatk ta’n etek iknmuetoq ta’n tel-knekk-teliske’k tel-lukwutimkl ukjit ta’n mimajultite’wk na nenujik ta’n SARA apaji-msnut ewi’kmkl aqq maliaptasikl kisitasikl. Enkatmk sa’se’wa’sik eliaq mesnmk etek-wiaqtek tel-lukwutimkl asoqmtaqtek ajiaq na kjijitutew ta’n Ecologicale’l we’tuwe’kl ta’n ewe’wasik ta’n tel-lukwek kisitasik.

Westawiasik aqq apaji-msnmk enkasikl na kisitasikl ukjit nisa’tun ta’n mawki’kl lukwaqna’tikekl ta’n na mimajultite’wk elt Kejimkujik aqq NHSs ta’n Mawki’k-maqmikew NS. Ta’n etek na kjijitaqne’l tepkisa’tikekl na ta’n mawi-pmiaq lukwaqna’tikek, nenasik ukjit 52% ta’n na enkasikl ta’n Ewikasik B. Anku’tekl lukwaqna’tikeklFootnote 7 ta’n mimajultite’wk aknutmujik elt melkuktmi’tij enkasikl ta’n ula tel-lukwek kisitasik na:

Long description of diagram

Five graphic bubbles depicting the five main threats to species at risk in KNPNHS and NHSs in Mainland NS which are: invasive non-native plants and animals, problematic native plants and animals, storm & severe weather, roads & railroads, and ecosystem encroachment. Text is written in Mi’kmaq.

32 westawiasik aqq apaji-msnmk enkasikl na nenasikl ta’n melkuktasikl ta’n ula tel-lukwek kisitasik. Ta’n ankuwa’sik 61 enkasikl na elt we’wasiktital ta’n tujiw apoqnmuekl aqq/kisna toqo’mamk na etekl ukjit apoqnmatmn ta’n lukwaqn. Ta’n kiljaqn na melkuktasik enkasikl aqq nekemowk tel-lukwek tepkisa’tasiklFootnote 8 na seya’tasikl lame’k:

Long description of diagram

Seven graphic bubbles depicting seven recovery action categories in KNPNHS and NHSs in Mainland NS, which are: 4 land and water management actions, 5 species management actions, 1 awareness raising action, 2 conservation designation & planning actions, 1 legal policy & frameworks action, 18 research and monitoring activities and 8 partnership and collaboration actions. Text is written in Mi’kmaq.

Nuta’ql wikultimk nenasik ta’n na 2017 tel-lukwek kisitasik ukjit Wjipnukewey Saklo’piey-mte’skm eyk me’ na’te’l ukjit kjijitun siawa’sik tplutaqn kelpitasik. Ne’wt ta’n kikjukewey Wjipnukewey Saklo’piey-mte’skm apaji-msnk ewi’kek na anqa’tasik ukjit wiaqa’tun ula wikimk, ula tel-lukwek kisitasik na ta’n naqa’tasiktitew, aqq tepkistek 4.1 na ta’n jikla’tasiktitew. Anku’tek nuta’q wikimk ukjit Nipi’je’l Wksituwaqnn Lichen na nenut ta’n ula tel-lukwek kisitasik piamu ta’n na wiaqteksipnek ta’n na 2017 tel-lukwek kisitasik. Enkasikl ukjit klpitmn nuta’q wikimk nenasik ukjit mimajultite’wk ewi’tujik ta’n ula kisitasik na ewi’tasik.

Ta’n suliewey telawtik ukjit we’wmn ula tel-lukwek kisitasik na ta’n weskwijinuiktitew ukjit Amalitasikl Kana’ta, aqq wejiaq toqo’mamkl na apoqnmuekl wejiaq etek. Ta’n msit we’tuwe’kl na ewe’wasikl ta’n enkasikl ta’n ula kisitasik na ajipjutasik ukjit na mawi-tekle’jk, msit tela’luek na mu-asite’tasiktnuk piskwa’n ta’n etekl ta’n Kejimkujik Apaqtuke’l miawiaq Piping Plover nikwenawet ika’q aqq na anqa’tasik na ta’n alkitasik ta’n puksukl ta’n KNPNHS. Welapetmkl ta’n ula tel-lukwek kisitasik wiaqtek na eltaqa’mujik apaji-msnuksinew ta’n mimajultite’wk ta’n lukwaqna’lujik aqq ta’n msit tetpqtek we’tuwe’k ta’n mimajuaqn-sa’se’wa’sik, iknmuetoq ta’n federaley aqq wksitqamukewey westawiatmkl mesnmkl. Welapetmkl ma’wt wiaqtek naji-petlewa’tasik maqmikewitasik-enkasik tel-lukwutimkl wejiaq wnaqa’sik toqilukwutimk elukwutimkl elt toqo’ma’timkik, tel-lukwen elukwutimkl ukjit nuji-apoqnmua’tite’wk ukjit tl-lukwutinew ta’n mimajultite’wk westawialujik, aqq nasiwikasik na ta’n msit pesu’kwatmk asoqmtaqtek msit enkasikl, wiaqtek sa’se’wa’sik ta’n Etuaptmumk (Etuaptmumk) aqq pilewe’l tel-lukwutimkl nuta’ql.

Sa’se’wa’sik eliaq ewe’wasik ta’n ula tel-lukwek kisitasik aqq welteskujik etek-wiaqtek te’sultijik aqq iknmuetasik tel-lukwutimkl elt na ankaptasiktital te’sipunqwek aqq na ewikasik msit-ewi’kmk ta’n ika’ql na tujiw seya’tasiktital elt ta’n Mimajultite’wk ta’n Lukwaqna’lujik Msit Nasiwikasultimk pemiaq na’n te’sipunqwekl, ke’sk na tepkistek 55 ta’n SARA.

## 1. Context

This Multi-species Action Plan for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada and National Historic Sites administered by Parks Canada in Mainland Nova Scotia updates and replaces content in the 2017 action plan (Parks Canada Agency, 2017). Under section 52 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA), the competent minister may amend an action plan at any time. An amendment is being undertaken now to update species information and integrate knowledge and new information gained during implementation of the 2017 action plan. The five-year implementation report for the 2017 action plan is available on the Species at Risk Public Registry (Parks Canada Agency, 2022).

### 1.1 Parks Canada Multi-species Action Planning

Parks Canada takes a multi-species, site-based approach to action planning that identifies and prioritizes conservation and recovery measures for a suite of species at one or more Parks Canada sites. This approach enables Parks Canada to consider the needs of multiple species and identify and prioritize measures that can be implemented at the site(s) to provide the greatest contributions to species conservation and recovery.

Parks Canada multi-species action plans focus on lands and waters under Parks Canada’s administration; however, Indigenous communities, neighbouring jurisdictions, partners, interest groups, and species and subject-matter experts are engaged throughout development and implementation of the plans. This collaborative approach facilitates cooperation on species conservation and recovery at a landscape scale.

The action planning process considers a suite of species that occur regularly at the site(s), including species at risk (SAR) listed in Schedule 1 of SARA, species assessed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) and under consideration for addition to Schedule 1 of SARA, provincially listed species, and other species of interest, including those of cultural importance. Taking this holistic approach enables Parks Canada to develop a comprehensive plan for species conservation and recovery at the site(s).

In many cases, federal and provincial recovery strategies and plans, management plans, and action plans have been prepared for the species included in this action plan. Along with COSEWIC status assessments, those documents provide guidance for the recovery of individual species, including the identification of threats, recovery objectives, strategic direction to achieve objectives, and identification of critical habitat. This action plan is consistent with those recovery documents and should be viewed as part of this body of linked strategies and plans.

Parks Canada’s approach to multi-species action planning aligns with the Pan-Canadian Approach to Transforming Species at Risk Conservation in CanadaFootnote 9 (Canadian Wildlife Service, 2018) and considers priorities of landscape-scale conservation, ecological connectivity, climate-smart conservation, Indigenous conservation, and cultural species. In addition, Parks Canada is increasingly using the adaptive management framework Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (i.e., Conservation Standards)Footnote 10 to support and inform the action planning process.

Implementation of the conservation and recovery measures identified in these action plans is often integrated into the existing framework of Parks Canada conservation programs. Ecological integrity is a cornerstone of Parks Canada’s mandate to protect and present significant examples of Canada’s natural heritage. It is the first priority in the management of Canada’s National Parks. In addition to the protections provided under SARA, species at risk, their residences, and their habitat in Parks Canada administered places are often protected under additional federal acts and regulations, including but not limited to the Migratory Birds Convention Act and regulations, Fisheries Act, Canada National Parks Act, and the Canada National Marine Conservation Areas Act.

### 1.2 Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site and National Historic Sites Administered by Parks Canada in Mainland NS

This amended action plan encompasses Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site (hereafter KNPNHS), Kejimkujik National Park of Canada Seaside (hereafter Kejimkujik Seaside), and ten National Historic Sites across Mainland Nova Scotia (hereafter NHSs of Mainland NS). KNPNHS and Kejimkujik Seaside hereafter will be collectively referred to as Kejimkujik. All sites are in the unceded traditional Mi’kmaw territory of Mi’kma’ki. The Nova Scotia Peninsula, part of the province’s mainland, is characterized by numerous bays and estuaries with no location being more than 67 km from the ocean. According to Mi’kmaq oral traditions, Mi’kma’ki is divided into seven districts, one of which is Kespukwitk—meaning "lands end" or "end of flow". Kespukwitk encompasses KNPNHS, Kejimkujik Seaside and four associated NHSs, and is renowned for its exceptional biodiversity, the presence of numerous species at risk, and its cultural significance. Kespukwitk is home to a variety of ecosystems and habitats, ranging from rugged coastlines and protected bays to coastal islands, lakes, rivers, wetlands, fertile valleys, and expanses of Wabanaki (Acadian) Forest, including some of the largest remaining intact forests in Nova Scotia.

KNPNHS was formally established as a national park in 1974 with Kejimkujik Seaside acquired from the province in 1985 and designated as part of the park in 1988. These two areas protect 403 km2. Kejimkujik is a place where, for generations, people have connected to nature and culture in a landscape of forests, wetlands, lakes, and the Atlantic coast. KNPNHS was established to protect representative examples of the Atlantic Coastal Uplands Region. Its forests include mixed coniferous and deciduous vegetation comprised of tree species including American Beech, Yellow Birch, Eastern Hemlock, Sugar Maple, White Pine, Red Oak, and Red Spruce. This is often described as the Wabanaki-Acadian Forest type, with a high level of understory plant and animal diversity. The aquatic ecosystems reflect the influence of shallow, acidic, warm water lakes, still waters, and meandering streams featuring significant seasonal water level changes. Kejimkujik Seaside was established to provide protection for the unique coastal attributes of this region. Kejimkujik and the broader cultural landscape, including the Mersey River Corridor, have a profound ecological and cultural significance to the Mi’kmaq. Kejimkujik also has significance as a place of recreation, respite, and connection for both new and returning visitors, and to local communities with deep ancestral and historical connections.

KNPNHS was designated a national historic site in 1995 because it is a significant Mi’kmaw cultural landscape that attests to Mi’kmaw occupancy and use of the area from time immemorial. The Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia worked closely with Parks Canada to seek this designation. Within the landscape, many important cultural resources can be found, including pre-contact habitation sites, post-contact reserve sites, petroglyphs, canoe routes and portages, fishing weirs and sacred sites. The wilderness character of KNPNHS is an integral part of this cultural landscape. At Kejimkujik Seaside, Mi’kmaq used the coast for hunting and gathering while camping in the surrounding harbours. At the time of European expansion into North America, the Mi’kmaq occupied a vast territory in what is now Atlantic Canada.

In 2001, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designated the five counties of southwest Nova Scotia (Annapolis, Digby, Yarmouth, Shelburne, and Queens) as a biosphere reserve in recognition of the area’s rich biodiversity and cultural history. KNPNHS, the Tobeatic Wilderness Area, and a portion of the Shelburne River (a Canadian Heritage River) function as the core protected area for the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve. This reserve is the second largest in Canada and first to be designated in Atlantic Canada. It focuses on regional cooperation and sustainable development.

The larger Kespukwitk landscape also closely corresponds to the Kespukwitk / Southwest Nova Scotia Priority Place, which is one of eleven Priority Places established in Canada by the Federal, Provincial and Territorial governments. Priority Places were identified under the Pan-Canadian Approach to Transforming Species at Risk Conservation in Canada (Canadian Wildlife Service, 2018) to highlight regions of high biodiversity where partnerships and conservation efforts could be maximized for species at risk and ecosystems.

The NHSs of Mainland Nova Scotia are divided into two regions: (1) Southwest Nova Scotia and (2) the Halifax Defense Complex. The Southwest Nova Scotia region includes Port-Royal, Fort Anne, Melanson Settlement, and Fort Edward in the Annapolis Valley, which are located within Kespukwitk, a region known for its fertile farmland, agriculture, fisheries, and tourism. The Halifax Defense Complex, recognized in 1965 for its historical importance as a major British naval station, comprises of Georges Island, Fort McNab, York Redoubt, Prince of Wales Tower, and the Halifax Citadel. These former military sites were transferred from the Department of National Defense to Parks Canada between 1936 and 1964. These sites protect heritage resources to maintain commemorative integrity, ensure preservation of cultural resources, and communicate the site’s historical importance and heritage. Natural features often central to the site’s history and landscape are also valued, underscoring Parks Canada’s role as an environmental steward. Beyond preservation, these sites provide visitors with the chance to connect with and experience the rich culture and history of Nova Scotia from diverse perspectives.

### 1.3 Scope of the action plan

In addition to Kejimkujik, the geographic scope of this amended action plan includes the NHSs of Mainland NS which were not included in the previous action plan and are within and administered by the Mainland Nova Scotia Field Unit of Parks Canada.

#### 1.3.1 Geographic scope

The geographic scope of this action plan includes all federally administered lands and waters managed by Kejimkujik and all lands and waters within the boundaries of NHSs of Mainland NS that are administered by Parks Canada as federal properties under the authority of the Federal Real Property and Federal Immovables Act. The NHSs of Mainland NS include Halifax Citadel NHS, Georges Island NHS, York Redoubt NHS, Fort McNab NHS, the Prince of Wales Tower NHS, Fort Edward NHS, Fort Anne NHS, Melanson Settlement NHS, and Port-Royal NHS and Isgonish-French River Portage NHE (National Historic Event) (Figure 1). This action plan has been written specifically for Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS to fulfill Parks Canada’s legal responsibilities, and to respond to specific threats, legislation, and management priorities at those sites, which may differ in areas outside the sites.

This plan has been developed collaboratively and may be implemented beyond the lands administered by Parks Canada by working with various partners in the broader landscape to maximize conservation benefits to species conservation and recovery. Kejimkujik and the associated NHSs of Mainland NS represent only a small portion of Kespukwitk (Southwest Nova Scotia) and Mi’k’ma’ki and the species at risk within its boundaries are not confined to this area, nor are the threats they face. As such, the plan considers the larger Kespukwitk landscape. Most of the conservation and recovery measures taking place in the greater Kespukwitk landscape (outside of Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS) will be led by partners. In the spirit of collaboration, Parks Canada will provide support when resources allow.

Figure 1: An overview of the geographic scope of this plan - KNPNHS, Kejimkujik Seaside, and the nine NHSs and one NHE in Mainland Nova Scotia - as well as the surrounding geographic area of the Kespukwitk district, including the Tobeatic Wilderness Area.
Text description

Figure 1 is a map showing the location of KNPNHS, Kejimkujik Seaside (both shown in dark green shaded polygons) and nine national historic sites including (each indicated by a red triangle) Halifax Citadel NHS, Georges Island NHS, York Redoubt NHS, Fort McNab NHS, the Prince of Wales Tower NHS, Fort Edward NHS, Fort Anne NHS, Melanson Settlement NHS, and Port-Royal NHS and Isgonish-French River Portage NHE (National Historic Event). The map also shows the surrounding geographic area of the Kespukwitk district (outlined in purple), including the Tobeatic Wilderness Area (shown as a light green shaded polygon).

#### 1.3.2 Species scope

This action plan addresses 25 SARA-listed species and 14 species of conservation concern that regularly occur in Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS (Table 1). This includes 13 SARA-listed Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened species (for which an action plan is required under s.47 of SARA) and 12 SARA-listed Special Concern species. Six culturally significant species have been identified for inclusion by the Mi’kmaq of NS that are not currently listed under SARA. Additional marine species which occur outside of lands administered by Parks Canada are addressed by one recovery measure within this plan (measure 16), though not explicitly listed in the species scope. The species addressed in this plan were chosen based on the following criteria: 1) the level of influence Parks Canada and partners could have on recovery and helping to achieve population and distribution objectives; 2) the ability of the species to represent the needs of other species at risk; 3) the need for regional perspectives and desire to test existing approaches to species conservation to inform effectiveness; 4) the identification for inclusion of culturally significant species by the Mi’kmaq of NS. Over the course of implementation of this action plan, some species’ COSEWIC assessment or SARA status may change.

Table 1. Species included in the action plan for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site and National Historic Sites Administered by Parks Canada in Mainland NS Field Unit
Species Common Name | Mi’kmaq NameFootnote 11 | Scientific Name | COSEWIC status | SARA Schedule 1 status
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Piping Plover (melodus subspecies) | Aldoqsanèj (plover) | Charadrius melodus | Endangered | Endangered
Monarch Butterfly | Mimikej (butterfly) | Danaus plexippus | Endangered | Endangered
Vole Ears Lichen |  | Erioderma mollissimum | Endangered | Endangered
Blanding’s Turtle (Nova Scotia population) | Amalegunoktcētc | Emydoidea blandingii | Endangered | Endangered
Little Brown Myotis | Tupkwanamuksit na’jipuktaqne’ji’j | Myotis lucifugus | Endangered | Endangered
Northern Myotis | Oqwatnukewey na’jipuktaqnej | Myotis septentrionalis | Endangered | Endangered
Tri-coloured Bat | Na’jipuktaqnej (bat) | Perimyotis subflavus | Endangered | Endangered
Black-foam Lichen |  | Anzia colpodes | Threatened | Threatened
Chimney Swift | Gaqtugòbnchìj | Chaetura pelagica | Threatened | Threatened
Wrinkled Shingle Lichen |  | Pannaria lurida | Threatened | Threatened
Eastern Ribbonsnake (Atlantic population) | Elapaqtekjijk | Thamnophis sauritus | Threatened | Threatened
Canada Warbler | Watapji’jit ketapekiejit | Cardellina canadensis | Special Concern | Threatened
Barn Swallow | Pukwales (swallow) | Hirundo rustica | Special Concern | Threatened
Yellow-banded Bumble Bee | Amu (bee) | Bombus terrucola | Special Concern | Special Concern
Common Nighthawk | Pi’jkwej (nighthawk) | Chordeiles minor | Special Concern | Special Concern
Snapping Turtle | Mikjikj (turtle) | Chelydra serpentina | Special Concern | Special Concern
Eastern Painted Turtle | Mikjikj (turtle) | Chrysemys picta picta | Special Concern | Special Concern
Evening Grosbeak | Kniskwatkiyej (grosbeak) | Coccothraustes vespertinus | Special Concern | Special Concern
Olive-sided Flycatcher | Sisip (bird) | Contopus cooperi | Special Concern | Special Concern
Eastern Wood-pewee | Wjitpenu’key Sisip | Contopus virens | Special Concern | Special Concern
Blue Felt Lichen |  | Degelia plumbea | Special Concern | Special Concern
Rusty Blackbird | Pukĩtli’skiej (blackbird) | Euphagus carolinus | Special Concern | Special Concern
Water Pennywort | Nipi (plant) | Hydrocotyle umbellata | Special Concern | Special Concern
Frosted Glass Whiskers (Atlantic Population) |  | Sclerophora peronella | Special Concern | Special Concern
Long’s Bulrush | Nipi (plant) | Scirpus longii | Special Concern | Special Concern
Eastern Red Bat | Na’jipuktaqnej (bat) | Lasiurus borealis | Endangered | Under consideration for addition
Hoary Bat | Na’jipuktaqnej (bat) | Lasiurus cinereus | Endangered | Under consideration for addition
Silver-haired Bat | Na’jipuktaqnej (bat) | Lasionycteris noctivagans | Endangered | Under consideration for addition
Atlantic Salmon (Nova Scotia Southern Upland population)*+ | Plamu (salmon) | Salmo salar | Endangered | Under consideration for addition
American Eel* | Katew (eel) | Anguilla rostrata | Threatened | Under consideration for addition
Black Ash* | Wisqoq | Fraxinus nigra | Threatened | Under consideration for addition
Scaly Fringe Lichen** |  | Heterodermia squamulosa | Threatened | Under consideration for addition
White-rimmed Shingle Lichen |  | Fuscopannaria leucosticta | Threatened | Under consideration for addition
Mainland Moose* | Tia’m (moose) | Alces americana | Not assessed | Not listed
White Ash* | Aqamoq | Fraxinus americana | Not assessed | Not listed
American Marten* | Apistane’wj (marten) | Martes americana | Not assessed | Not listed
Perforated Ruffle Lichen++ |  | Parmotrema perforatum | Not assessed | Not listed
Brook Trout | Atoqwa’su (trout) | Salvelinus fontinalis | Not assessed | Not listed
Eastern Hemlock | Ksu’sk | Tsuga canadensis | Not assessed | Not listed

*Indicates culturally important species (that are not listed under SARA) to the Mi’kmaq of NS
+ In KNPNHS historically
** Occurs directly outside KNPNHS and advised by lichenologists to be likely present in KNPNHS
++ Only known to occur in 2 places in Canada, including KNPNHS

## 2. Site-based population and distribution objectives

The potential for Parks Canada to undertake direct management action at the site that will measurably contribute to the recovery of each species was assessed. Site-specific population and distribution objectives were developed for five species (Appendix A). These objectives identify the contribution that conservation and recovery measures implemented by the site or in collaboration with partners can make towards achieving the range-wide objectives identified in SARA recovery strategies and management plans. An ecosystem-level focus on collective actions with partners and other national parks and sites over a species range can yield conservation impacts that go beyond the individual site. The development of recovery measures in this action plan incorporates a landscape-scale approach, ensures recovery measures align with regional recovery documents, and focuses on collaborative actions with partners to maximize conservation gains.

Monitoring progress towards achieving the site-based objectives over time will help determine whether implementation of the conservation and recovery measures (identified in Appendix B and when possible, in Appendix C) is having the desired influence on species recovery.

For several species, Parks Canada’s primary contribution to conservation is ensuring that protection measures are maintained to protect species and their habitats. In these cases, recovery cannot be measurably influenced by site-level management actions, and therefore, setting site-specific population and distribution objectives are not appropriate. This may be due to one or more of the following circumstances within the site: (1) there are no or few known threats; (2) there are no feasible management actions to address threats; or (3) only a small portion of the species range is within the site and therefore the impact of management actions cannot be measured. In such cases, conservation efforts may be limited to protection measures in place under federal legislation, including the Canada National Parks Act, the Impact Assessment Act, the Fisheries Act, Migratory Birds Convention Act, and SARA. Additional efforts may include indirect threat mitigations such as education and outreach, habitat maintenance, and addressing knowledge gaps through inventory, research, and monitoring.

## 3. Conservation and recovery measures

Conservation and recovery measures aimed at addressing threats to the species at the site and making progress towards achieving site-based population and distribution objectives were identified and prioritized. The prioritization process primarily considered ecological effectiveness, but also considered opportunities for landscape-scale conservation, ecological connectivity, climate-smart conservation, Indigenous conservation and cultural species, strengthened partnerships, and opportunities for visitor experience and increased awareness through education and outreach. Prioritization also considered budgetary opportunities and feasibility. Wherever possible, Parks Canada is taking an ecosystem approach, prioritizing measures that benefit multiple species to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of species protection and recovery.

In total, 32 conservation and recovery measures are identified for implementation in Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS (Appendix B). An additional 61 measures will be encouraged through partnerships or when additional resources become available (Appendix C). Each measure is associated with one or more identified threats. In addition to knowledge gaps which is the most prevalent threat identified (52%), the next five threats addressed by this action plan from the Conservation Measures Partnership Direct Threats Classification (version 2.0) are: invasive non-native plants & animals; problematic native plants and animals; storm & severe weather; roads and railroads; and ecosystem encroachment. Each measure is also associated with an objective and the anticipated timeline for achieving the outcome. Recovery measure objectives are designed to be quantifiable and achievable over the 10-year implementation period of this plan.

### 3.1 Conservation and recovery measure approaches

Indigenous Conservation & Cultural Species:

Kejimkujik worked in collaboration with the Mi’kmaq of NS in the development of this action plan to support Indigenous conservation objectives: protecting biodiversity, preserving Mi’kmaq culture and language, incorporating the principles of EtuaptmumkFootnote 12 (two-eyed seeing) and NetukulimkFootnote 13 (a holistic-ecosystem approach), and strengthening collaboration opportunities. A foundation of trust and collaboration was built over years with a priority on establishing meaningful relationships within community through joint gatherings, community visits, shared learning, and through relationships and partnerships built within the Earth Keepers program. The importance of time and space to build meaningful relationships and a structure for collaborative planning and implementation cannot be underestimated. This strong partnership has led to the development of measures in this plan such as a community Katew (American Eel) monitoring program in dammed and undammed river systems and mitigating threats to Wisqoq (Black Ash). This collaboration will continue beyond the development of this plan with the intent to implement a Etuaptmumk approach to species at risk and cultural species stewardship.

A gathering with the Mi’kmaq of NS was held during the development of this plan, focusing on the conservation of species of cultural importance. The gathering featured dialogue and collaboration around a fire, where participants celebrated ongoing conservation efforts, identified knowledge gaps, and discussed strengthening partnerships for future conservation initiatives. It was acknowledged that all species hold cultural significance, and that continued dialogue is essential to inform future projects and partnerships. Cultural measures were co-developed during this workshop with the aim of strengthening ongoing relationships and acknowledging knowledge gaps by supporting and fostering youth and elder gatherings, as well as applying a two-eyed and holistic approach. Figure 2 showcases the graphic created to capture the key discussions during the gathering. Flexibility and collaboration with Earth Keepers will be prioritized throughout the implementation of this plan.

The workshop highlighted the importance of involving youth in both traditional practices and conservation efforts as a critical strategy for addressing knowledge gaps. Kejimkujik’s commitment to supporting such relationship-building initiatives reinforces the foundation for continued collaboration, ensuring that future generations of Mi’kmaq can continue their traditions while protecting the natural world. This workshop marks the beginning of a long-term effort to fill knowledge gaps related to species at risk and those of cultural importance. Moving forward, Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS will continue to weave in the principles of Etuaptmumk and Netukulimk into the implementation of this work. This work will happen in the context of the Toqi’maliaptmu’k Arrangement (2025), which will strengthen the relationship between the Mi’kmaq of NS and Parks Canada to steward and protect these lands for present and future generations.

Figure 2: Visual graphic to capture the meaningful discussions held at the Species of Cultural Importance Workshop on September 10th, 2024, created by Tiffany Morris at Ulnooweg Education Centre.
Text description

Figure 2 is an infographic titled “Species of Cultural Importance – Wikevikus, September 2024.” Highlights the importance of cultural species, invasive species, traditional knowledge, and collaboration. Key themes include: all species need attention; partnerships, monitoring, and ceremony; invasive species threats; elders and youth sharing knowledge; conservation mindset in youth; rematriation of artifacts; treaty rights linked with sustainability. Emphasizes multidirectional knowledge sharing, narrowing gaps, reducing silos, and carrying cultural memory forward.

Landscape-scale Conservation:

Kejimkujik has a long history of collaborating with partners within and beyond its boundaries on species at risk recovery. The development of recovery measures in this action plan incorporates a landscape-scale approach with partners including KMKNO, Earth Keepers, Friends of Keji Cooperating Association, the Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute, the Clean Annapolis River Project, Birds Canada, ECCC, DFO, and the Provincial Government of NS. Collaborating with partners encourages the implementation of strategies at a provincial scale and enhances the outcomes for species at risk recovery in Kespukwitk.

There is a clear link to landscape-scale partnership throughout this action plan both in its planning and implementation. Recovery measures were developed collaboratively with partners through three workshops focused on the Eastern Ribbonsnake, SAR turtles (Blanding’s Turtle, Snapping Turtle, Eastern Painted Turtle), and SAR lichens (Vole Ears Lichen, Black-foam Lichen, Wrinkled Shingle Lichen, Blue Felt Lichen, Frosted Glass Whiskers, White-rimmed Shingle Lichen, and Scaly Fringe Lichen). Kejimkujik and partners have the potential to significantly influence the recovery of SAR reptiles in the area due to their range and the scope and scale of the threats to their populations. Consequently, these species have the greatest number of measures dedicated to their recovery. A cultural gathering was held to identify collaborative priorities with the Mi’kmaq of NS, recognizing the cultural importance of all species.

The development of recovery measures considered opportunities for collaboration with regional conservation initiatives. Since much of the geographic scope of this action plan falls within the Kespukwitk/Southwest Nova Scotia Priority Place, measures were deliberately aligned with the priorities of the Kespukwitk Conservation Collaborative through consistent engagement during the development of this plan. Regional partners also assessed measures relevant to their work (e.g., DFO reviewed Plamu (Atlantic Salmon) and Katew (American Eel) projects) and identified opportunities for involvement and synergies. Such partnerships will continue throughout the implementation of this plan, with Kejimkujik continuing to work collaboratively on regional priorities at a landscape scale.

Climate-smart Conservation:

This plan was developed using a climate change lens to reflect current and future climate-related threats to species at risk conservation. The climate-smart conservation approach focuses on intentional and deliberate consideration of forward-looking goals and strategies focused on key climate impacts and vulnerabilities (Stein et al., 2014). Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS are vulnerable to climate change impacts such as intensified weather extremes (drought, flooding, heat waves), an increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events, and invasive species spreadFootnote 14. This has been observed in recent years during increased post-tropical storms and significant rain events, where Kejimkujik experienced forest blow down, coastal erosion, flooding, and damage. Coastal properties may experience an accelerating rate of coastal erosion, sea-level rise, and storm surgesFootnote 15. Relative sea level is projected to increase by about 50 cm by 2070 at Kejimkujik Seaside (Parks Canada Agency, 2024b).

This action plan seeks to address the primary climate change threats in Kejimkujik, focusing on species most vulnerable to its effects. These climate-smart measures were informed by species at risk recovery documents, climate models for Kejimkujik (Parker & Smith, 2019; Parks Canada Agency, 2024a; Parks Canada Agency, 2024b), and a Climate Adaptation Workshop held in 2019 that focused on the current and projected impacts caused by climate change on Kejimkujik. The Resist-Accept-Direct (RAD) framework was used in this process to identify a range of potential actions that either resist change, direct change (climate-focused interventions) or accept change (Schuurman et al., 2020). Recognizing that climate change impacts are inevitable and already taking place, Kejimkujik will focus efforts on increased monitoring plans to better understand these impacts and new pressures on species, and to inform long-term adaptation approaches and potential threat mitigation. This includes monitoring turtle nest temperatures to determine if sex ratios are being impacted or chemically treating hemlock trees to reduce effects of the invasive Hemlock Woolly Adelgid.

Ecological Connectivity:

Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS are nestled within the greater Kespukwitk ecosystem and the broader provincial landscape. Ecological connectivity requirements are a key consideration for SAR planning and recovery. The actions within this plan consider outcomes beyond park and historic site boundaries to connect habitats and reduce threats as species travel across the landscape. Understanding and conserving ecological connectivity requires collaboration, partnership, and recognition that recovery actions can have greater benefits when they are carried out at an ecosystem level.

Species in this plan were assessed to determine which would be most impacted by changes in levels of connectivity (i.e., based on species/habitat characteristics and threats identified in recovery documents and COSEWIC status assessments). Mainland Moose, American Eel, and American Marten were projected to benefit the most from regional connectivity initiatives. SAR reptiles were found to benefit from increased connectivity within the park/site. Monarch Butterfly and SAR lichens were found to benefit from passive connectivity approaches where protected areas act as intact landscape patches to connect habitat on the greater landscape. Measures to assess, conserve, and/or restore connectivity range from the placement of reptile ecopassages, the assessment of freshwater connectivity related to barriers on the Mersey River for American Eel, the identification of key landscape corridors to increase functional connectivity and understanding the ecological context parks and sites play in lichen conservation. It is recognized that improving the connectivity of freshwater species will need to be balanced with potential costs (e.g., movement of invasive species).

### 3.2 Classification of measures

Measures identified in this plan are categorized based on Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) Conservation Actions ClassificationsFootnote 16. The following action classifications are addressed in this plan:

Land / Water Management:

KNPNHS is renowned for its majestic old growth forests and an extensive system of lakes and rivers for paddling and fishing. Measures in this plan have been developed to address impacts from invasive species within these ecosystems, including the targeted removal of Chain Pickerel from key refuge habitats for Brook Trout and the continued use of chemical and biological controls to manage Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (HWA) in priority old growth stands. There is also an overall focus on updating and improving best management practices for species at risk in Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS to ensure that conservation and recovery efforts for these species and ecosystems are applied regionally, support the most up-to-date practices that reduce or mitigate threats and integrate Indigenous Knowledge. Additionally, recovery measures emphasize the protection of important nesting habitats and species through actions such as seasonal beach closures and road mitigations that safeguard SAR reptiles and the Piping Plover.

Species Management:

Direct management options were considered an important inclusion in this plan for species of cultural and ecological significance and those whose recovery extends beyond Kejimkujik’s boundaries. For Blanding’s Turtle this includes nest protection measures, food/waste management, and eco-passage construction which targets the threat of road mortality that not only benefits Blanding’s turtles, but other SAR reptiles and animals as well. Nest relocation measures for Blanding’s Turtle and Piping Plover address the anticipated climate change effects of increased precipitation and storm frequency, and artificial habitat creation aims to improve nesting habitats for SAR turtles and Barn Swallows.

Seed collection for Black Ash, Eastern Hemlock, and other culturally significant species will allow for the conservation of genetic diversity while also contributing to research, ecological restoration, assisted migration, and overall regional adaptation for these species in the face of climate change and invasive species impacts.

Awareness Raising:

Providing opportunities for the public to learn about and experience national parks is a central component of Parks Canada’s mandate. Therefore, in addition to the implementation of measures that directly contribute to species conservation and recovery, public education/outreach activities have been developed as part of the action planning process. These will facilitate engagement through a range of approaches and participation levels including citizen science programs, volunteer opportunities, communication strategies, and educational materials.

Kejimkujik will continue to maintain its volunteer program, providing visitors with a variety of opportunities to learn about and be involved with species at risk conservation. Additional citizen science contributions will be encouraged through submissions of wildlife sightings through online programs such as iNaturalist, social media, and staff at Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS. Development of a species at risk communication strategy and additional signage will facilitate widespread education outside of active volunteer opportunities.

Conservation Designation & Planning:

Conservation planning for restoration and recovery activities is an essential step in species-specific or multi-species recovery that helps direct future recovery efforts. Situation analyses and results chains will be updated for the Blanding’s Turtle, Eastern Ribbonsnake, Snapping Turtle, Wisqoq (Black Ash), Eastern Hemlock, and Piping Plover. Parks Canada will work with partners to improve protected land connectivity through targeted and collaborative land acquisition, benefiting numerous species in this plan.

Legal & Policy Frameworks:

Legislation and policy are valuable tools for species protection and recovery. This plan includes continued implementation of a firewood importation ban to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive forest pests to protect KNPNHS’s forests.

Research & Monitoring:

Knowledge gaps hinder the development and implementation of effective species protection, conservation and recovery efforts. Information obtained through research, surveys, and monitoring will provide a better site-level and regional understanding of species ecology, habitat, distribution, status, and population trends, allowing for better protection and timely implementation of active management and threat mitigation. Addressing these gaps also involves integrating Mi’kmaq perspectives. Measures were developed to improve understanding of Mi’kmaq priorities by weaving Etuaptmumk (two-eyed seeing) and Netukulimk (a holistic-ecosystem approach) and embedding cultural practices and language into species recovery efforts. These measures aim to build a more comprehensive and inclusive foundation for conservation work within the context of co-management with the Mi’kmaq of NS.

Part of Parks Canada’s responsibilities is to monitor ecosystem health and ecological integrity. Long-term ecological monitoring in Kejimkujik contributes directly towards species at risk through monitoring of Piping Plover, lichens, and Blanding’s Turtle, as well as indirectly through monitoring of habitats used by species at risk. Monitoring programs outlined within this plan also include tracking the health and distribution of species such as Eastern Ribbonsnake and SAR bats using techniques such as telemetry, acoustics, habitat mapping, and field surveys. Additionally, targeted monitoring will evaluate the impacts of invasive species (e.g., HWA and Chain Pickerel) and the effectiveness of management actions taken by Kejimkujik to protect Eastern Hemlock, Brook Trout, and SAR reptiles.

Research efforts focus on population studies and modeling, including collaborations with partners and academia to better understand trends and viability for species like Blanding’s Turtle. Evaluating the effectiveness of the past headstart program and the threat of nest predation will provide insight into the direction and level of protection efforts that should be prioritized in KNPNHS. Testing the application of advanced tools such as Environmental DNA (eDNA) and stable isotope analysis will increase understanding of the impacts that Chain Pickerel have on SAR reptiles. Threat assessments address climate change impacts, invasive species, and non-target effects of pesticide use in hemlock stands on sensitive species (e.g., pollinators). Habitat mapping initiatives employ technologies like drones, telemetry, and predictive modeling to refine critical habitat for SAR reptiles, SAR lichens, and Piping Plovers. Connectivity and ecosystem changes are also studied, with assessments of dam impacts on aquatic systems and the identification of landscape corridors to support species movement in Southwest Nova Scotia.

Partnerships/collaborationsFootnote 17:

Many conservation and recovery measures outlined in this plan were developed and will be implemented in collaboration with regional partners. Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS will continue working together with Mi’kmaq partners, prioritizing trust and relationship-building to foster a meaningful exchange and blending of perspectives, ideas, and knowledge from the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. Opportunities for cultural learning and connection through knowledge and story-sharing are prioritized as an important component of the partnership along with conservation and recovery actions. Considerations for cultural species have been woven into the measures and actions throughout this plan.

Measures focused on SAR reptiles heavily rely on long standing collaboration with Friends of Keji Cooperating Association and Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute. Blanding’s Turtle nest protection measures would not be possible without the efforts of the experienced Friends of Keji Cooperating Association volunteers. Collaborative efforts with Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute, such as equivalent nest protection for adjacent Blanding’s Turtle populations (McNeil et al., 2024) and joint research efforts on other SAR reptiles including the Eastern Ribbonsnake, and SAR Bats extend conservation impacts beyond KNPNHS, creating a regional-scale approach to species recovery.

Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS will work to maintain these and other existing partnerships, as well as cultivate new ones related to conservation concerns with the species in this plan. Local communities, visitors, and volunteers will continue to be engaged through direct involvement in species recovery, education, awareness raising, and citizen science to help support the recovery of species at risk through this plan.

## 4. Critical habitat

Critical habitat is “the habitat that is necessary for the survival or recovery of a listed wildlife species and that is identified as the species’ critical habitat in the recovery strategy or in an action plan for the species” (SARA s.2(1)). Where the recovery strategy for a species’ states that the identification of critical habitat is not complete, a schedule of studies is included towards gathering additional information to complete the identification. Additional critical habitat can be identified in an amended recovery strategy or in a new or amended action plan for the species.

Critical habitat is identified in Kejimkujik within the recovery strategies for Piping Plover (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2022a), Blanding’s Turtle (Parks Canada Agency, 2012), Black-foam Lichen (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2023), Bank SwallowFootnote 18 (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2022b) and Eastern Ribbonsnake (Parks Canada Agency, 2012). Provincial core habitat was identified in KNPNHS within the recovery plan for the American Marten (NS DNRR, 2023). For species where additional critical habitat may be identified in the future, this will be done, as appropriate through a future amendment to the species’ recovery strategy. The schedule of studies in each recovery strategy can be referred to for more information.

Critical habitat identification for Eastern Ribbonsnake and Vole Ears Lichen is outlined in section 4.1 and 4.2.

### 4.1 Identification of critical habitat for Eastern Ribbonsnake (Atlantic population)

#### 4.1.1 Geographic location

Two areas of critical habitat are identified for Eastern Ribbonsnake near Grafton Lake in Figure 3. This action plan identifies these areas in addition to the critical habitat identified in the recovery strategy for Eastern Ribbonsnake (Parks Canada Agency, 2012b). This critical habitat was previously identified in the 2017 Kejimkujik action plan (Parks Canada Agency, 2017). The protection of these areas remains in place to ensure continuity of legal protection until they are included in an amended recovery strategy for the species. These areas are overwintering sites, which are critical for Eastern Ribbonsnake survival (Parks Canada Agency, 2012b). The two forested overwintering sites at Grafton Lake in Kejimkujik are the first confirmed in Nova Scotia and were discovered by observing snakes in early spring and late fall. Both sites are located in mixedwood forests, approximately 150 m from the nearest wetland, in sloped and well-drained areas with numerous small underground holes. It has been observed that while snakes return to the same general site each year, the concentration spots vary, suggesting that the snakes may be using different underground holes each winter.

Critical habitat at the terrestrial overwintering site for the Eastern Ribbonsnake was identified using a similar process to the identification of wetland-based critical habitat in the species recovery strategy (Section 6.2) (Parks Canada Agency, 2012b). The following process was applied to identify the extent of the critical habitat:

- Sites were included that were confirmed as an overwintering area for two or more winters based on late fall and early spring sightings. A minimum convex polygon (MCP) was drawn around all observation points at the site.
- Critical habitat includes the area within the MCP, as well as a 100 m zone around the boundaries of the MCP to capture travel to and from the overwintering site.

This process was specific to the two overwintering sites at Grafton Lake. As more overwintering sites are identified, the process will be reviewed to determine if a standard protocol can be developed that applies to all overwintering critical habitat for Eastern Ribbonsnake.

Figure 3: Critical habitat for Eastern Ribbonsnake identified in the recovery strategy is represented by the yellow shaded polygons where the criteria and methodology are set out in section 6.2 of the recovery strategy (Parks Canada Agency, 2012b) are met. Two additional areas of critical habitat identified are represented by the green-shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology are set out in 4.1.1 of this action plan are met. Lakes represented in a darker blue colour indicate lakes identified in the Eastern Ribbonsnake recovery strategy with confirmed sightings of snakes from 2002-2012 (referred to as ‘Ribbonsnake Locations’ in the recovery strategy). Areas outside of the shaded polygons do not contain critical habitat.
Text description

Figure 3 is a map showing Eastern Ribbonsnake (Thamnophis sauritus) critical habitat within Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada. Yellow shaded polygons mark critical habitat, which was identified in the 2012 Recovery Strategy; green shaded polygons show the additional critical habitat identified in the action plan; and lakes represented in a darker blue colour indicate lakes identified in the Eastern Ribbonsnake recovery strategy with confirmed sightings of snakes from 2002-2012 (referred to as ‘Ribbonsnake Locations’ in the recovery strategy). The map highlights habitat distribution mainly around lakes and waterways in the park. An inset map shows the park’s location in southwestern Nova Scotia.

#### 4.1.2 Biophysical attributes

The biophysical attributes of suitable Eastern Ribbonsnake habitat, including basking, cover, feeding/shedding, gestation, birthing and mating habitat, are detailed in section 1.81 of the recovery strategy (Parks Canada Agency, 2012b). Critical habitat for the Eastern Ribbonsnake occurs where the critical habitat criteria and methodology described in section 6.2 of the recovery strategy are met (Parks Canada Agency, 2012b). Additional criteria for the identification of overwintering site critical habitat is detailed above, as it relates to known concentration areas, and allowing for travel to and from the overwintering site.

#### 4.1.3 Examples of activities likely to result in destruction of critical habitat

Examples of activities likely to result in the destruction of critical habitat are described in section 6.4 of the recovery strategy (Parks Canada Agency, 2012b).

### 4.2 Identification of critical habitat for Vole Ears Lichen

#### 4.2.1 Geographic location

Three areas of critical habitat are identified for Vole Ears Lichen in Figure 4. This action plan identifies these areas in addition to the critical habitat identified in the recovery strategy for Vole Ears Lichen (Environment Canada, 2014) and the species’ action plan (Environment Canada, 2020). This includes one area’s updated location that was previously identified in the 2017 Kejimkujik action plan (Parks Canada Agency, 2017) and two additional areas. The protection of these areas remains in place to ensure the continuity of legal protection until they are included in an amended recovery strategy for the species. The presence of Vole Ears Lichen in Kejimkujik was not detected until after the regional recovery strategy was finalized (Environment Canada, 2014), consequently all sites in Table 5 of the Vole Ears Lichen recovery strategy are outside of Kejimkujik. Critical habitat was identified using the criteria and methodology outlined in Section 7.1 of the recovery strategy (Environment Canada, 2014).

Figure 4: Critical habitat for Vole Ears Lichen in Kejimkujik is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in section 7.1 of the recovery strategy (Environment Canada, 2014) are met. Areas outside of the shaded polygons do not contain critical habitat.
Text description

Figure 4 is a map showing critical habitat for Vole Ears Lichen (Erioderma mollissimum) within Kejimkujik National Park Seaside. Yellow shaded polygons indicate areas containing critical habitat, located within the park boundaries (shown as a green shaded polygon). Key reference points include St. Catherine’s River, St. Catherine’s River Beach, and Port Joli Bay. An inset map shows the park’s location on Nova Scotia’s south shore near Port Mouton and Shelburne.

#### 4.2.2 Biophysical attributes

The biophysical attributes of critical habitat for Vole Ears Lichen in Nova Scotia are described in section 7.1 of the recovery strategy (Environment Canada, 2014). Critical habitat for Vole Ears Lichen occurs where the criteria and methodology described in section 7.1 are met (Environment Canada, 2014).

#### 4.2.3 Examples of activities likely to result in destruction of critical habitat

Examples of activities likely to result in the destruction of critical habitat are described in section 7.3 of the recovery strategy (Environment Canada, 2014).

### 4.3 Proposed measures to protect critical habitat

Critical habitat identified for Eastern Ribbonsnake and Vole Ears Lichen within this action plan, and in recovery strategies for other species addressed in this plan, is legally protected from destruction as per section 58 of SARA. SARA requires that critical habitat identified within a federally protected areaFootnote 19 be described in the Canada Gazette within 90 days after the final recovery strategy or action plan is posted to the Species at Risk Public Registry. The prohibition against destruction under subsection 58(1) comes into force 90 days after that description is published.

For critical habitat on other federal lands (e.g., National Historic Sites or National Park Reserves), the competent minister must either issue a statement that existing laws provide effective protection or recommend an Order in Council to bring the subsection 58(1) prohibition into effect. If any portions of critical habitat are found not to be protected, and steps are being taken to protect them, those steps will be communicated through the Registry via the reports required under section 63 of SARA.

## 5. Evaluation of socio-economic costs and of benefits

The Species at Risk Act requires the competent minister to undertake an evaluation of the socio-economic costs of the action plan and the benefits to be derived from its implementation (s.49(1)(e)). This socio-economic assessment is narrow in scope, as it applies only to protected lands and waters in Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS, which are often subject to fewer threats (e.g., industrial activities) compared to other areas because the lands are managed to maintain and restore ecological and commemorative integrity. Further, this evaluation addresses only the incremental socio-economic costs and benefits of implementing the measures outlined in this action plan and does not include socio-economic impacts of existing activities or management regimes in those Parks Canada sites. It does not address total cumulative costs or benefits of species recovery in general nor does it attempt to conduct a full cost-benefit analysis as is done to support a regulatory initiative.

The protection and recovery of species at risk can result in both costs and benefits, which affect various groups of Canadian society in different ways. The proposed measures in this action plan seek a balanced approach to reducing or eliminating threats to species at risk populations and habitats. Potential socio-economic costs as well as the social and environmental benefits that may occur through implementation of this action plan are outlined below. Information for this summary was collected through cooperation, engagement, and consultation, and focuses on the potential impact to Indigenous communities, various partners, interest groups, volunteers, and visitors to Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS.

### 5.1 Costs

The total incremental cost to implement the measures outlined in Appendix B will be borne by Parks Canada out of existing salaries and goods and services dollars that are integrated into the operational management of the sites and thereby will not result in additional costs to society. Implementation of the measures in this plan is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints. Measures outlined in Appendix C will only be implemented through partnerships or if additional resources become available. Opportunities to reallocate existing budgets and/or acquire additional funds to support Indigenous engagement will be pursued in the spirit of collaboration.

Socio-economic costs to Indigenous communities and Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS visitors may result from implementation of this action plan. These costs were determined through consultation and discussion and wherever possible, minimized and/or mitigated. The main impacts of implementing this action plan were identified as restricted access to certain areas due to seasonal closures to protect species at risk and associated habitat. This may negatively impact visitors’ enjoyment and access to the landscape, and Indigenous communities’ access to certain areas for harvesting and traditional use. Kejimkujik visitors may also be impacted by the continued implementation of the firewood importation ban to mitigate and slow the spread of invasive species. Parks Canada has given these costs considerable examination and does not underestimate their potential significance to our Indigenous communities, various partners, interest groups, volunteers, and visitors. In many cases mitigations are currently in practice to minimize impacts and, where possible, have been anticipated and built into this plan to minimize impacts.

### 5.2 Benefits

Potential economic benefits of the conservation and recovery of species at risk at this site cannot be easily quantified, as many of the values derived from wildlife are non-market commodities that are difficult to appraise in financial terms. Wildlife, in all its forms, has value in and of itself, and is valued by Canadians for aesthetic, cultural, spiritual, recreational, educational, historical, economic, medical, ecological, and scientific reasons.

The conservation of species at risk is an important component of the Government of Canada’s commitment to conserving biological diversity and is important to Canada’s current and future economic and natural wealth. Measures in this plan help to meet the Federal Sustainable Development Strategy goal of protecting and recovering species and conserving Canadian biodiversity. It also contributes to the global goal of ensuring “biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored” (Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, December 2022).

The protected natural capital assets (forests, grasslands, wetlands, freshwater, coastal and marine areas) of national parks, national marine conservation areas, national historic sites, and national urban parks provide a flow of ecosystem services (e.g., climate regulation, provision of habitat, water supply and regulation) that benefit individuals and communities across Canada. Parks Canada works to sustain and improve the ecological condition of the national network of protected places. Efforts that improve species’ condition and their role in the ecosystem, such as recovery measures in this action plan, have an impact on the overall health of the ecosystem. For Kejimkujik, the potential annual value of ecosystem services has been estimated to range between $155 million and $1,152 million (medium value $629 million) (Mulrooney & Jones, 2023). Implementing the measures within this action plan will contribute to sustaining the valuable flow of ecosystem services to Canadians.

Measures presented in this action plan will contribute to meeting recovery strategy objectives for threatened and endangered species and will also contribute to meeting management objectives for species of special concern and cultural importance. Recovery Strategies, Action Plans and Management Plans for SARA-listed species are an integral part of species management aimed at species’ survival and recovery, maintaining biodiversity in Canada and conserving Canada’s natural heritage.

The measures outlined in this document are expected to have an overall positive impact on ecological integrity and enhance opportunities for appreciation of Kejimkujik and NHSs of Mainland NS, and the species that inhabit them. The measures are expected to have overall positive benefits to the environment and Canadians, such as positive impacts on biodiversity, community well-being, and the value individuals place on preserving biodiversity. The measures outlined in this plan provide significant benefits to Indigenous partners by fostering continuity, strengthening relationships, incorporating the principles of Etuaptmumk (two-eyed seeing), and enabling meaningful collaborative projects. Another benefit is the positive impact experienced by visitors, volunteer groups, and naturalists resulting from the preservation of areas for future enjoyment as well as increased opportunities to participate in species conservation. Partner organizations, including academic institutions, NGOs, and volunteer groups, may benefit from collaborative activities that support shared goals for species recovery and monitoring.

## 6. Measuring progress

Reporting on the implementation of this action plan, as required under section 55 of SARA, will be based on progress made in implementing the recovery measures listed in Appendix B, and in Appendix C where applicable.

Reporting on the ecological outcomes of this action plan will be based on progress toward achieving the site-based population and distribution objectives outlined in Appendix A. Progress will be monitored and a report summarizing implementation of this plan will be posted on the Species at Risk Public Registry five years after publication of the final version. This five-year report will also include a summary of the socio-economic impacts of implementing the action plan.

## 7. References

Canadian Wildlife Service. 2018. Pan-Canadian approach to transforming species at risk conservation in Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec. 12p.

Conservation Measures Partnerships. 2020. Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation v 4.0. Available online: https://conservationstandards.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2020/10/CMP-Open-Standards-for-the-Practice-of-Conservation-v4.0.pdf

Convention on Biological Diversity. 2022. Kunming-Montreal Global biodiversity framework. CBD/COP/DEC/15/4. Montreal, Canada. Available online: https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf

Ellison, A. M., M. S. Bank, B. D. Clinton, E. A. Colburn, K. Elliott, C. R. Ford, D. R. Foster, B. D. Kloeppel, J. D. Knoepp, G. M. Lovett, J. Mohan, D. A. Orwig, N. L. Rodenhouse, W. V. Sobczak, K. A. Stinson, J. K. Stone, C. M. Swan, J. Thompson, B. Von Holle, and J. R. Webster. 2005. Loss of foundation species: Consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(9), 479–486.

Environment and Climate Change Canada and Parks Canada Agency. 2020. Action Plan for the Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii), Nova Scotia Population, in Canada. Species at Risk Act Action Plan Series. Environment and Climate Change Canada and Parks Canada Agency, Ottawa. v + 26 pp.

Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2022a. Recovery Strategy (Amended) and Action Plan for the Piping Plover melodus subspecies (Charadrius melodus melodus) in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa. viii + 124 pp.

Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2022b. Recovery Strategy for the Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa. ix + 125 pp.

Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2023. Recovery Strategy for the Black-foam Lichen (Anzia colpodes) in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa. vii + 37 pp.

Environment Canada. 2014. Recovery Strategy for the Vole Ears Lichen (Erioderma mollissimum) in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. v + 31 pp.

Hebda, A.J. 2014. The Mi’kmaw Bestiary, A Compendium of documented Mi’kmaw terms and phrases relating to animals. Curatorial Report Number 103. Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax.

McNeil, J.A., T.B. Herman, C. Feltham, T. Avery, N.W. Green, and M.J. Smith. 2024. Nesting Dynamics in Space and Time in a Population Complex of Blanding’s Turtle in Nova Scotia. Northeastern Naturalist 32 (sp12), E165-E188. http://doi.org/10.1656/045.031.s1238

Mulrooney, D. and B. Jones. 2023. The Value of Natural Capital in Canada’s National Parks and National Marine Conservation Areas. Parks Journal, 29(2), 41-51.

Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. 2015. Recovery and Action Plan for Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra) in Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Endangered Species Act Recovery Plan Series. 41 pp.

Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables. 2023. Recovery Plan for American Marten (Martes americana) in Nova Scotia [Final]. Nova Scotia Endangered Species Act Recovery Plan Series. 60 pp.

Parker, S. and M. Smith. 2019. Supplemental Climate Information for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site. Unpublished report for Parks Canada, Office of the Chief Ecosystem Scientist, Ottawa.

Parks Canada. 2012. Recovery Strategy for the Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii), Nova Scotia population, in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Parks Canada, Ottawa. vii + 34 pages.

Parks Canada Agency. 2012. Recovery Strategy for the Eastern Ribbonsnake (Thamnophis sauritus), Atlantic Population in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Parks Canada Agency, Ottawa. x + 46 pp.

Parks Canada Agency. 2017. Multi-species Action Plan for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada. Species at Risk Act Action Plan Series. Parks Canada Agency, Ottawa. v + 28 pp.

Parks Canada Agency. 2022. Implementation Report: Multi-species Action Plan for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site (2017 –2022). Species at Risk Act Action Plan Report Series. Parks Canada Agency, Ottawa. iv + 22 pp.

Parks Canada Agency. 2024a. Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site – inland: Climate Summary. Parks Canada Agency, Ottawa. 2pp.

Parks Canada Agency. 2024b. Kejimkujik National Park Seaside: Climate Summary. Parks Canada Agency, Ottawa. 2pp.

Parks Canada. 2025. Multi-species Action Plan for Prince Edward Island National Park of Canada and National Historic Sites Administered by Parks Canada on PEI. Species at Risk Act Action Plan Series. Parks Canada, Ottawa. x + 52 pp.

Schuurman, G. W., C. Hawkins Hoffman, D. N. Cole, D. J. Lawrence, J. M. Morton, D. R. Magness, A. E. Cravens, S. Covington, R. O’Malley, and N. A. Fisichelli. 2020. Resist-accept-direct (RAD)— a framework for the 21st-century natural resource manager. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/CCRP/NRR—2020/ 2213. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.36967/nrr-22835

Stein, B.A., P. Glick, N. Edelson, and A. Staudt (eds.). 2014. Climate-Smart Conservation: Putting Adaptation Principles into Practice. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C

## Appendix A: Species information, objectives and monitoring plans for KNPNHS and NHSs of Mainland NS

Species | National objectivesFootnote 20 | Site-based population & distribution objectives | Site-based Population and Distribution Context | Population monitoringFootnote 21 | Site-based Recovery Approach(es)
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Blanding's Turtle (Nova Scotia population) | Action Plan: Achieve a self-sustaining population by maintaining and/or increasing the existing populations over the current range, with a less than 5% risk of extinction when projected over 10 generations (400 years) and maintain sufficient gene flow to prevent genetic isolation. Recovery Strategy: Maintain or increase adult survivorship sufficient to sustain recognized populations. Maintain or enhance recruitment into the three recognized populations. Maintain area of occupancy/ extent of occurrence in the province. Reduce threats facing all life stages. | (1) Maintain or increase adult survivorship at or above 98% (annual average calculated every 5 years). Work collaboratively with partners to maintain populations outside the park for regional conservation gains. (2) Maintain recruitment at or above two new nesting females in the KNPNHS population every five years, on average. | Inferred and projected decline; updated population viability analysis suggests population is at risk of decline and extinction without nest protection or other recovery actions (head starting). | Blanding’s Turtle is assessed as part of the ecological integrity monitoring program at Kejimkujik. Monitoring data are derived from nest protection, trapping, tracking, visual surveys, and hatchling emergence. Currently, the number of nesting females is used as a proxy for determining if adult survivorship is over 98% as recapture of males can have large time gaps between sightings. | Through the head starting project approx. 244 turtles have been reared and released back into Kejimkujik, with the last released in 2012. Nest protection efforts are maintained through a large volunteer program with the goal to protect a minimum of 20 nests each year using nest cages to prevent the predation of eggs. Roadside mortality of nesting females is currently mitigated using seasonal speed reductions, speed bumps and signage.
Eastern Ribbonsnake (Atlantic population) | (1) Population objective is to achieve a self-sustaining population of Eastern Ribbonsnake with a 95% probability of persistence across its current range. (2) Distribution objective is to maintain or expand the current distribution of wetlands used by Eastern Ribbonsnakes in southwestern Nova Scotia. | Maintain populations of Eastern Ribbonsnakes at occupied locations within KNPNHS. Work collaboratively with partners to maintain populations outside the park for regional conservation gains. | Unknown; Kejimkujik is in the early stages of using PIT tagging at select locations to assess long-term population trends at Kejimkujik. Eastern Ribbonsnakes have been found in several new locations since the 2017 Kejimkujik action plan. | Eastern Ribbonsnakes are surveyed at known locations in Kejimkujik in a coordinated effort by park staff and partners through visual surveys, radio tracking, and PIT tagging efforts. Monitoring is coordinated collaboratively at a regional level with surveys outside of the park led by partners. | In the early 2010s, visual surveys identified two overwintering sites near Grafton Lake. Since 2018, radio tracking has revealed 5 additional overwintering sites and expanded previously identified overwintering zones, increasing understanding of high-use areas for recovery. In 2023, PIT tag use was reassessed to improve tracking of population trends. Despite these efforts, further research is needed to understand population dynamics, movements, and habitat use. Vehicular mortality near Grafton Lake is mitigated by traffic barriers at the Field Office and expanded mitigations are detailed in measure 13.
Piping Plover (melodus subspecies) | (1) Increase the population, and maintain it for the long-term, to a minimum of 310 year-end pairs in Atlantic Canada (60 pairs for Nova Scotia). (2) Achieve and maintain an annual productivity greater than 1.65 chicks fledged per territorial pair. | (1) Achieve and maintain an annual productivity greater than 1.65 chicks fledged per territorial pair. (2) Maintain at least 4 pairs at the Kejimkujik Seaside on St. Catherines and Little Port Joli Beaches (both calculated as a 5-year running average). | Population 1988-2008: average of 5.9 pairs, with 1.60 chicks fledged per pair. 2010-2014: average of 3.8 pairs, and 2.1 chicks fledged per pair. 2017-2021: average 4 pairs, and 1.58 chicks fledged per pair. | As part of the ecological integrity monitoring program at Kejimkujik, Piping Plover nesting habitat is surveyed from May-August and pairs are monitored following a standardized plover monitoring protocol. Kejimkujik participates in the International Piping Plover Census, held every 5 years. | Piping Plovers are monitored annually from May-August for nest and fledgling success, and number of active pairs. Disturbance of breeding pairs, identified as a high-level threat, is managed by promoting voluntary compliance through area closures, signage, education, and outreach. If disturbances persist despite these efforts, formal enforcement actions such as warnings or fines may be implemented.
Wisqoq (Black Ash) | Recovery Plan: Ensure that conditions allow for the restoration of self-sustaining and ecologically functioning populations within Nova Scotia, and that those populations support sustainable use by the Mi’kmaq and others according to the principles of Netukulimk. | By 2036, maintain the number of known natural occurrences (71 in 2024) of Wisqoq within KNPNHS. | Stable; population of mature trees has been monitored for the past 5 years. Trees are generally in poor health (signs of some die back) but are surviving. | All known mature Wisqoq are monitored at least every 3 years to assess overall health and facilitate early detection of invasive Emerald Ash Borer (EAB). Planted Wisqoq are monitored annually to assess overall tree health, facilitate detection of insects or disease, and evaluate the effectiveness and requirement for seedling protection measures. | In 2019, 205 Wisqoq were planted in suitable habitats and protected from deer browsing with plastic tree tubes, which are also used to safeguard new natural seedlings. To date, survivorship has been 80% (164 trees). As of 2024, 71 mature Wisqoq are permanently tagged for monitoring tree health and EAB symptoms. Early EAB detection efforts include funnel traps in 10 key locations and green prism traps deployed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. KNPNHS also enforces a firewood importation ban to prevent the introduction of invasive forest species like EAB. In the long-term, KNPNHS will continue collecting seed from Wisqoq to preserve genetic conservation and will continue to work with the Mi’kmaq of NS, Earth Keepers, and regional partners to incorporate Indigenous Knowledge in current and future restoration efforts.
Eastern Hemlock | n/a | Maintain at least 4000 treated Eastern Hemlock trees at priority stands (Big Dam Lake/Frozen Ocean/Dennis Boot Lake, Upper Mersey River/Kejimkujik Lake/Grafton Lake, and Loon/Peskowesk Lakes). | Stable but threatened by Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA). Without intervention, HWA will result in the mortality of up to 90% of hemlock trees within 15 years of infestation (Ellison et al., 2005). HWA was first discovered within KNPNHS in 2018; KNPNHS has since collaborated with regional and Mi’kmaw partners on the development and implementation of chemical and biological control options. | The canopy health of hemlock trees is monitored in 8 representative hemlock stands in KNPNHS to assess both the impact of HWA on hemlock trees, and the effectiveness of chemical control on maintaining hemlock populations. The dominance, recruitment, and growth of hemlock in 3 mature hemlock forests (Big Dam Lake, North Cranberry Lake, Canning Field) has been monitored on a 5-year cycle through the EI monitoring program since 2008. These plots will not be treated and are heavily infested. | KNPNHS has treated 5,600 trees in priority hemlock stands with stem injection and basal bark spray, requiring retreatment every 5–7 years until biocontrol methods are established. Laricobius nigrinus, a predatory beetle, has been introduced as part of a biocontrol program, with additional releases planned in collaboration with partners for long-term HWA management. Approximately 30L of hemlock seeds have been collected for genetic conservation and future re-establishment in Kespukwitk once the HWA threat is mitigated. KNPNHS works with the Mi’kmaq of NS, Earth Keepers, and regional partners through the HWA Working Group to implement protection strategies.
All other species included in the scope of this plan – refer to Table 1, page 2 (section 1.3.2) | No objective established because there are no or few known threats acting in the site, no known management actions to address threats and/or the site is of limited importance to the species' recovery. | N/A | Occasional targeted surveying and recording of incidental observations. | The site will continue to protect individuals, protect suitable habitat, and support partners in recovery and protection of these species where feasible. Additionally, the site will work with partners to conduct opportunistic surveys for under-surveyed species in the site and adjust management approaches appropriately when new populations are found.

## Appendix B: Conservation and recovery measures that will be implemented

Species and Measure Number | Recovery Measure DescriptionFootnote 22 | Recovery Measure Objective | PriorityFootnote 23 | ThreatFootnote 24 | ActionFootnote 25 | Timeline
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1. All Species | Mi'kmaq storytelling: Msit Ki'kamunaq - all of our relations (connect): In collaboration with the Mi'kmaq of NS, support the development of Youth and Elder camps in Kejimkujik and other areas to help foster the transfer of traditional knowledge, use of language, and ceremony. | Through working with the Mi'kmaq of NS, Mi'kmaq youth and Elder gatherings at KNPNHS are supported as requested. At least one gathering is organized per year, with a focus on youth involvement. | High | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.3 Indigenous Knowledge; 6.4.3 Planning for thematic projects or programs | Annually
2. All Species | Sharing circles and cultural retreats: Organize and participate in sharing circles and cultural retreats to allow knowledge and stories to be shared, build relationships, and increase understanding and awareness between individuals, communities, and organizations. | Two sharing circles are held each year to discuss and exchange knowledge about cultural species and conservation and learn how we can partner together. | High | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.3 Indigenous Knowledge; 10.3.2 Maintaining or strengthening relationships | Annually
3. Species to be identified | Highlight culturally significant species to KNPNHS visitors: Collaborate with Parks Canada interpreters, Earth Keepers, and community members to offer programs featuring cultural species to highlight the cultural practices and deep spiritual connection the Mi'kmaq have with Kejimkujik. | Working collaboratively with Interpretation, the Earth Keepers, and Community members, three programs/year will incorporate knowledge sharing about the culturally significant species listed in this plan. | High | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.3 Indigenous Knowledge; 6.4.3 Planning for thematic projects or programs | Annually
4. Species to be identified | Cultural Species mapping: Map occurrence data in Mainland NS sites for any species where it is of interest to Mi'kmaq partners. | Comprehensive species occurrence mapping is completed within the 10-year cycle, as requested. | High | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.3 Indigenous Knowledge; 8.1.2 Desktop/ benchtop research and analysis | Ten years
5. All Species | Holistic ecosystem health: Netukulu'ltiek - we share stewardship (conserve): In collaboration with partners, apply a Etuaptmumk (two-eyed seeing) and Netukulimk (holistic-ecosystem approach) by reviewing species at risk and Ecological Integrity monitoring projects (forest, freshwater, wetland, coastal) in Kejimkujik. | The Ecological Integrity monitoring and species at risk projects at Kejimkujik are considered at the ecosystem level and modified to incorporate Etuaptmumk, Netukulimk, and cultural practices, where possible. Discussions and modifications are summarized and captured annually. | High | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.3 Indigenous Knowledge; 8.1.2 Desktop/ benchtop research and analysis | Ten years
6. Species to be identified | Indigenous-Led Conservation: Toqi'maliaptmu'k - we cooperate and collaborate (co-create): Through trust and relationship building, engage with the Mi'kmaq of NS and Earth Keepers to listen and learn what cultural species projects are important to partner and work together on. | Funding and on the ground support is provided for projects identified by Mi'kmaq partners as important for cultural species. An annual report to share priorities is created to highlight actions taken that year. | High | Knowledge gaps | 10.3.4 Knowledge sharing; 10.3.2 Maintaining or strengthening relationships | Annually
7. All Species | Public involvement in reporting species at risk sightings: Continue to encourage visitors to submit their wildlife sightings on iNaturalist, through messaging shared on social media and by front-line staff at KNPNHS. | >5000 people are reached annually (through posters, social media, outreach/training events) to help identify SAR in Mainland NS; >500 SAR sightings are received from the public over the 2025-2035 period. | Medium | Knowledge gaps | 3.1.1 Raising Awareness | Annually
8. All Species | Best Management Practices (BMPs) in KNPNHS: Update BMPs to reduce or mitigate threats and integrate Indigenous Knowledge for species at risk as required, ensuring ongoing implementation as needed. | BMPs for both Eastern Ribbonsnake and SAR lichens are updated in KNPNHS by 2031. Additional BMPs are updated as required. | Medium | Knowledge gaps 4.1.1 Roads | 1.1.11 Implementation of better management practices or land use guidelines | Five years
Freshwater and Wetland Ecosystem
9.1. All Species | Volunteer program: Continue to involve the public in meaningful recovery actions for species at risk through collaboration with the Kejimkujik volunteer program (recruitment, training, support, capacity, recognition). | At least 2500 hours of volunteer effort is maintained annually in SAR recovery in KNPNHS. | Medium | Knowledge gaps | 10.3.2 Maintaining or strengthening relationships | Annually
9.2. Blanding's TurtleFootnote 26 | Volunteer nest protection program: Continue to initiate and support the volunteer Blanding's Turtle nest protection program with the Friends of Keji through outreach, recruitment, training, and recognition. | At least 30 volunteers contribute to the Blanding's Turtle nesting program annually with new recruits offered training each year. | High | 8.2.5 Increased predation by mesopredators 4.1.1 Roads | 10.2.1 Direct support services (in-kind) | Annually
9.3. Blanding's Turtle | Blanding's Turtle nest protection: With support from the volunteer program, continue to monitor nesting females on beaches and roadsides and protect eggs with nest cages. In the fall, monitor hatchling emergence to determine hatchling success. | At least 20 nests are protected annually (number may change once measure 26.2 is completed) and monitored for hatchling emergence and success. | High | 8.2.5 Increased predation by mesopredators 4.1.1 Roads | 2.1.3 Reproduction management | Annually
9.4. Blanding's Turtle | Nest relocation: As required, continue to relocate protected turtle nests if high lake water levels risk their flooding. | All nests at risk of flooding are relocated annually as required. | High | 11.4.1 Overabundant rains; 11.5.1 Storm & severe weather | 2.1.3 Reproduction management | As necessary
9.5 Snapping Turtle | Nest Protection: Continue opportunistic protection of snapping turtle nests in high traffic areas in KNPNHS (e.g. Main Parkway, VRC Parking Lot, and Eel Weir). | Any protected nests are monitored for hatchling emergence and are released away from roadsides to decrease mortality risk. | Medium | 8.2.5 Increased predation by mesopredators 4.1.1 Roads | 2.1.3 Reproduction management | Annually
10.1. Blanding's Turtle | Long-term monitoring: Through the Ecological Integrity monitoring program, continue to conduct systematic trapping and visual surveys in KNPNHS to locate juvenile and adult turtles and assess survivorship and recovery. Use this data to periodically update the PVA (measure 26.1). | Trapping efforts are continued annually through the Ecological Integrity monitoring program Blanding's Turtle measure in line with the current monitoring plan recommendations (traps set out for at least 12 nights and 100 hours of visual surveys annually). | Medium | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring | Annually
10.2. Blanding's Turtle | Nesting habitat monitoring: Use drone images to continue to monitor the changes to vegetation along lakeshores and inland nesting sites and impacts of climate change. Determine feasible ways to mitigate any threats observed, as needed. | In 2030 and 2035, all nesting habitat in Kejimkujik is mapped and used to document changes and identify threats to available nesting habitat. | Medium | 11.1.1 Change in vegetation communities | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring | Five years
11.1. Katew (American Eel), PlamuFootnote 27 (Atlantic Salmon) | Population study: Collaborate with Indigenous partners on a monitoring program using Etuaptmumk (two-eyed seeing) to better understand the presence/absence of Katew and Plamu and how this has changed over time in KNPNHS and Kejimkujik Seaside. | Working with the Mi’kmaq of NS, a population study of Katew and Plamu is conducted in the lower Mersey by 2031 using the principles of Etuaptmumk to understand how distribution has changed over time. | High | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.3 Indigenous Knowledge; 10.3.2 Maintaining or strengthening relationships | Five years
11.2. Plamu (Atlantic Salmon), Tia’m (Mainland Moose), Apistane'wj (American Marten), Katew (American Eel) | Beyond boundary recovery: Support the Mi'kmaq of NS and regional partners on species conservation where beyond boundary actions are a regional priority and critical for conservation (i.e., for the species listed any other species identified over time). Support and participate in on-the ground projects as identified, when it is feasible. | Atlantic partners are actively engaged throughout the 10-year cycle, with information shared as needed and on-the-ground projects supported as identified and feasible. | Medium | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring; 10.3.2 Maintaining or strengthening relationships | Annually
12. Eastern RibbonsnakeFootnote 28 | Monitoring of Eastern Ribbonsnakes: Continue to monitor for presence/absence of Eastern Ribbonsnakes on a 10-year cycle through visual surveys in occupied waterbodies in KNPNHS. | Presence is confirmed every 10 years at known occupied locations in collaboration with regional monitoring efforts and consistent with MTRI’s Eastern Ribbonsnake monitoring protocol. | High | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring | Ten years
13. SAR ReptilesFootnote 29 | Road mortality threat mitigation: Annually conduct road mortality mitigation measures at herptile hotspots in the park (including speed reduction, signage, volunteers, speed bumps, and visitor and staff education). | Turtle road mortality mitigation efforts are conducted annually during nesting season. Blanding's Turtle adult mortality remains at zero from 2026-2036. Mitigations to Eastern Ribbonsnake road mortalities are employed annually at two or more occurrence hotspots (determined from measure 38). | High | 4.1.1 Roads | 1.1.9 Visitor management | Annually
Coastal Ecosystem
14.1. Piping PloverFootnote 30 | Piping Plover regional monitoring and research: Through the Ecological Integrity monitoring program, continue to monitor St. Catherines and Little Port Joli beaches for Piping Plover and document marked birds during breeding and migration. Continue to provide data and regular updates to CWS and Birds Canada to support regional programs. | St. Catherines beach is monitored 1-2 times a week and Little Port Joli opportunistically during the active nesting season for pairs, nesting activity, and fledgling success annually. Annual completion of Piping Plover Breeding Census. | Medium | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring | Annually
14.2. Piping Plover | Piping Plover nest protection: Consider employing nest translocation on a case-by-case basis if risk of nest loss to flooding is high, using regional protocols and with the support of partners. | Nests that are at risk of being lost are moved to help reduce the impacts of climate change and increase productivity in line with population and distribution targets. | Low | 11.5.1 Storm & severe weather | 2.1.3 Reproduction management | As necessary
14.3. Piping Plover | Human disturbance on nesting beaches: Continue seasonal beach closure, education, and enforcement to ensure compliance with existing park regulations that help protect plovers. Continue compliance monitoring with cameras conducted as required to assess the effectiveness of measures. | Beach closures and educational initiatives are implemented annually during the nesting season until all chicks have successfully fledged. A follow-up camera study is completed by 2031 using the recommendations from the 2019 compliance monitoring report. | High | 6.1.2 Hiking | 1.1.9 Visitor management | Annually
15. Piping Plover | Piping Plover breeding habitat: Continue to map suitable nesting habitat for Piping Plovers at St. Catherines River beach to document how the biophysical attributes of nesting and foraging habitat and connectivity between nesting habitat and prime foraging lagoon habitat for chicks and adults change over time. | Suitable nesting habitat is mapped every 5 years at St. Catherines River beach and a report highlighting changes since the 1980s is developed. Changes to biophysical attributes (substrate, slope, width, natural debris (ECCC, 2022)) and connectivity between nesting sites and intertidal foraging habitats for chicks is assessed and compared to sites with high productivity and nesting success in Kespukwitk. | Medium | 11.5.1 Storm & severe weather | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring | Every 5 years
16. Blue Whale, Fin Whale, North Atlantic Right Whale, Northern Bottlenose Whale, Sowerby's Beaked Whales, Leatherback Sea Turtle, Loggerhead Sea Turtle, White Shark | Live-stranding response and necropsies: Work with DFO, response organizations (e.g., MARS, CSTN) and partners to report marine SAR strandings and support live-stranding response or necropsies of marine SAR when possible. | Strandings are reported and live-stranding responses are supported as required. | Low | Knowledge gaps | 10.3.4 Knowledge sharing | As necessary
Forest Ecosystem
17.1. Wisqoq (Black Ash) | Health monitoring: Continue to monitor the health of both planted and natural Wisqoq using a Etuaptmumk (two-eyed seeing approach) and look for signs of Emerald Ash Borer. | Health of all marked Wisqoq trees is monitored at least once every 3 years. | High | 8.1.1 Terrestrial animals | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring | Every 3 years
17.2. Wisqoq (Black Ash), Aqamoq (White Ash) | Survivorship and recruitment: Continue to protect natural and planted seedlings annually until they are less susceptible to wildlife browsing. Engage with Earth Keepers and the Mi’kmaq of NS to determine future plantings for cultural use. | All natural and planted seedlings are protected annually with protective sleeves or hard wire and educational signage, as necessary. Earth Keepers and the Mi’kmaq of NS are actively engaged in determining future plantings for cultural use, ensuring Indigenous Knowledge and priorities guide restoration efforts. | High | 8.2.2 Increased grazing by vertebrates | 2.1.6 Interspecific interaction management | As necessary
18.1. Wisqoq (Black Ash), Aqamoq (White Ash) | Invasive forest pests: Continue to implement firewood ban annually to prevent the introduction of invasive forest pests. | Firewood importation ban remains in place in KNPNHS annually over the 10-year cycle. | Medium | 8.1.1 Terrestrial animals | 7.2.1 Policies & directives | Annually
18.2. Wisqoq (Black Ash), Aqamoq (White Ash) | Early detection and rapid response of forest pests: Continue to collaborate with Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Canadian Forest Service on placing early detection traps for Emerald Ash Borer in select ash stands. | Early detection and active response program is conducted annually. | Medium | 8.1.1 Terrestrial animals | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring | Annually
19. Wisqoq (Black Ash), Aqamoq (White Ash), American Beech, Eastern Hemlock, and other culturally significant species | Seed collection: Continue to support seed collection across Kespukwitk with regional partners and the Mi'kmaq of NS to preserve genetic diversity within the region. | At least 1200 grams of seed are collected annually from various tree species including species impacted by invasive forest pests (e.g., Wisqoq and Eastern Hemlock). | Medium | 8.1.1 Terrestrial animals | 2.3.3 Gene banking | Annually
20.1. Barn Swallow | Nest survey monitoring: Continue to monitor nesting locations to determine the number of active pairs and nest success in KNPNHS, Fort McNab NHS and George Island NHS. | The number of active nesting sites, active pairs, and successful nests are monitored annually. Nesting data is shared with Birds Canada. | Low | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring | Annually
20.2. Barn Swallow | Improve nesting success: Reduce the threat of human disturbance and interference at Barn Swallow nesting sites. | Disturbance of nesting sites by people is declining over the 10-year period at in KNPNHS, Fort McNab NHS, and George Island NHS. | High | 6.3.3 Vandalism; 5.1.4 Poaching/ persecution of terrestrial animals | 1.1.9 Visitor management | Annually
21. SAR LichensFootnote 31 | Lichen habitat modelling: Refine, update, and map potential habitat for all rare lichens in collaboration with partners. | Potential habitat for all SAR lichens in Kespukwitk is updated by 2031. | Medium | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis | Five Years

## Appendix C: Other conservation and recovery measures that will be encouraged through partnerships or when additional resources become available

Species and Measure Number | Recovery Measure Description | Recovery Measure Objective | ThreatFootnote 32 | ActionFootnote 33
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
22. All species | Species at risk guidance document: Work with partners to implement a communications strategy and guidance document focused on species at risk recovery in Kejimkujik. | A strategy is developed by 2030 and implemented annually to provide guidance for species at risk protocols including regional consistency, handling and considerations for stress reduction, language, social media, data sharing, Indigenous Knowledge, cultural data guidelines, and messaging for visitors and interpretation programming. | Multiple threats | 3.1.1 Raising Awareness
23. All Species | Species at risk signage: Develop and install educational signs/panels for species at risk highlighting actions visitors can take to help these species. Work with partners to standardize messaging, where possible, and re-evaluate messaging as required to ensure signs will successfully support education and protection of species at risk. | Species at risk signage is installed by 2036 in at least 3 high visibility and priority areas where visitors and species at risk often converge (i.e., Water Pennywort sites in the campground, Snapping Turtle and Eastern Ribbonsnake messaging on roadsides, and/or other species and locations). | Knowledge gaps | 3.1.4 Educational signage
24. All Species | Best Management Practices (BMPs) in Kespukwitk: Collaborate and support regional partners in the development and implementation of BMPs for species at risk. | BMPs for woodlot owners with wetlands for Eastern Ribbonsnakes are updated by 2029. BMPs are updated for additional SAR when opportunities arise. | 5.3.1 Complete removal of the forest cover | 1.1.11 Implementation of better management practices or land use guidelines
25. Blanding's Turtle, Eastern Ribbonsnake, Snapping Turtle, Wisqoq (Black Ash), Eastern Hemlock, Piping Plover | Conservation Standards: Develop situation analysesFootnote 34 and results chainsFootnote 35 for species that Mainland NS have national, regional, or site level of influence. | Result chains for all species with national, regional or site level of influence for Mainland NS are completed by 2036. | Knowledge gaps | 6.4.3 Planning for thematic projects or programs
26.1. Blanding's Turtle | Population Viability Analysis (PVA): Partner with academia and NGOs to update the PVA with turtle data collected since it was last run in 2022 to better estimate survival. | PVA is updated by 2027. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
26.2. Blanding's Turtle | Population modelling for nest protection requirements: Use the updated PVA to determine number of nests required for annual protection to support population recovery. | By 2030, the number of nests that need to be protected annually to support population and distribution objectives for the Blanding's Turtle population at KNPNHS is determined. | 8.2.5 Increased predation by mesopredators | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
26.3. Blanding's Turtle | Turtle headstart program assessment: Continue to evaluate the effectiveness of the turtle headstart program at KNPNHS using all updated sightings data. | KNPNHS headstart program is reassessed with updated survivorship data by 2036 so that KNPNHS has a better understanding of the effectiveness and feasibility of headstarting turtles for future recovery efforts. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
27.1. Blanding's Turtle | Nest predation threat: Conduct a nest predation survey and/or explore other predator deterrents as required to better understand rates and impacts of nest predation in different nesting areas and/or determine if nest predation can be reduced or avoided. | Unprotected nests are monitored to determine their rate of predation in at least 2 nesting locations if predation data is required to update the PVA. Predator deterrent studies are investigated as a potential method of reducing predation rates by 2031. | 8.2.5 Increased predation by mesopredators | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
27.2. Blanding's Turtle | Climate change impacts on turtle nest temperature: Monitor nest temperature using HOBO loggers to develop a baseline and observe if nest temperatures are at levels that could impact Blanding's turtle sex ratios. | Nest temperature is tracked using HOBO loggers every 5 years. | 11.3.3 Gradual temperature change | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
27.3. Blanding's Turtle | Artificial nesting sites at roads: Based on literature and results from nesting habitat monitoring (measure 10.2), collaborate with partners to test and determine the best use of artificial nesting habitat around roadside nests. | By 2036, artificial nesting habitat is tested at 2 sites to direct turtles away from nesting on roadsides and/or increase nesting habitat. | 11.1.1 Change in vegetation communities; 4.1.1 Roads | 2.1.1 Species-structure creation
28.1. Blanding's Turtle | Critical habitat mapping: Continue to attach VHF and/or GPS loggers to mature turtles observed during monitoring efforts and track their movements to locate new nesting and/or overwintering locations. | A subset of mature turtles is successfully tracked to help locate new nesting and/or overwintering areas, when possible, from 2026-2036. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
28.2. Blanding's Turtle | Overwintering surveys: Continue to visit known overwintering sites to locate male and female turtles. Place radios on unmarked female turtles to track to their nesting location. | One or two overwintering sites are visited annually so that all known overwintering locations are visited by 2036. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
28.3. Blanding's Turtle | Blanding's Turtle nest protection expansion: Depending on the results from measure 28.1 and 28.2, evaluate the need to include additional new nesting sites found through radio telemetry efforts for nest protection. | New nesting locations are evaluated and included in the nest protection program as required. | 8.2.5 Increased predation by mesopredators | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
29. Blanding's Turtle, Eastern Ribbonsnake | Population range monitoring: Conduct visual surveys to increase knowledge of the range in the park, when possible. Evaluate whether eDNA is an appropriate tool for presence/absence monitoring in Nova Scotia. | Visual surveys to check for known range expansion occur at least every 5 years. By 2030, eDNA is evaluated as a potential tool for monitoring with recommendations on whether protocols should be developed and implemented. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
30. Snapping Turtle, Eastern Painted Turtle | Nest Protection: Expand turtle nest protection in KNPNHS to protect additional roadside nests and /or nesting beaches using nest box cages, when possible. | Additional nests are protected annually and observed roadside nest mortality decreases from 2026-2036. | 8.2.5 Increased predation by mesopredators; 4.1.1 Roads | 2.1.3 Reproduction management
31. Snapping Turtle, Eastern Painted Turtle | Preliminary population estimate through mark recapture surveys: Work with partners to develop a mark-recapture protocol using notch codes and/or PIT tags. Implement the protocol annually in select locations and pair with opportunistic re-capture surveys. After 5 years, determine if there is sufficient data to conduct preliminary population estimates. | All new captures are marked during monitoring activities at determined locations. After 5 years, a determination is made if there is sufficient data to conduct location-specific population estimates for these species. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
32.1. SAR Reptiles, Brook Trout | Invasive fish ecosystem impacts: Document the effects of the recent establishment of Chain Pickerel in the Kejimkujik aquatic ecosystem and how this change impacts food webs and aquatic populations, including species at risk. Continue to use modified turtle-friendly fyke nets if deployed to reduce the risk of accidental turtle mortalities and to encourage its use outside the park. | Native fish monitoring is conducted in the park at least every 3 years to track fish density and species composition over time. By 2036, one or two academic studies are supported that assess the impact of Chain Pickerel on food webs (including SAR) and the effectiveness of pickerel management on maintaining aquatic ecological integrity. | 8.1.3 Aquatic animals | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
32.2. SAR Reptiles | Invasive fish predation on herptiles and their food sources: Pilot the use of stable isotopes, gut content analysis, and/or gastric eDNA to determine the impact of Chain Pickerel predation on reptile and amphibian populations. | By 2036, the proportion of amphibians and reptiles in the Chain Pickerel diet is understood, including changes over time through the establishment process. | 8.1.3 Aquatic animals | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
33.1. Katew (American Eel), Plamu (Atlantic Salmon) | Impact of hydrodams: Support Indigenous partners to compare Katew populations in the Mersey River (dammed) and Medway River (not dammed), to assess the impact of hydrodams. | Katew populations are monitored annually in both the Mersey River and Medway River to gain a better understanding on the impacts of hydrodams on the Katew population in Kesputwitk by 2036. The presence/absence of Plamu is confirmed. | 7.2.1 Water level management using dams | 8.1.3 Indigenous Knowledge
33.2. Katew (American Eel), Plamu (Atlantic Salmon) | Understand historic populations: Support a community driven analysis and compile historic data for Katew and Plamu populations in both the Mersey River and Medway River. | By 2031, the Earth Keepers are supported to conduct a Mi'kmaq historical knowledge study of Katew populations on the Mersey and Medway River. | 7.2.1 Water level management using dams | 8.1.3 Indigenous Knowledge; 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
34.1. Katew (American Eel), Plamu (Atlantic Salmon), SAR Reptiles, Brook Trout | Aquatic connectivity: Assess connectivity prior to dam refurbishment in the Mersey River system to assess the impacts of dam removal on the aquatic environment and species at risk. | A connectivity assessment of Mersey River is completed by 2031 for SAR and culturally important species. | 3.3.1 Hydroelectric dams | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
34.2. Katew (American Eel), Plamu (Atlantic Salmon), SAR Reptiles, Brook Trout | Baseline ecological condition assessment: Collect baseline ecological condition prior to dam refurbishment on the Mersey River system to assess ecosystem changes and potential impacts to the aquatic community, including species at risk. | If dam refurbishment moves forward, baseline data (including soil sedimentation and other relevant environmental metrics) is collected at 1 or 2 locations in coordination with regional partners prior to the dam work being completed. | 3.3.1 Hydroelectric dams | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
35.1. Long's Bulrush | Monitor distribution and occurrence at known sites: Visit Long's Bulrush sites at least once every 10 years to confirm presence. | All Long's Bulrush sites in Kejimkujik are revisited once every 10 years. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
35.2. Long's Bulrush | Population distribution surveys: Conduct plant surveys in high priority areas (lakeshore bogs, additional lakes) to continue distribution surveys for Long's Bulrush in Kejimkujik. While surveying, record all Atlantic Coastal Plain Flora (ACPF) species observed. | ACPF and Long's Bulrush surveys are conducted at least twice over 10 years to improve understanding of Long's Bulrush distribution in Kejimkujik. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
36. Water Pennywort | Population monitoring: Collaborate with regional partners to update Water Pennywort monitoring protocols to better reflect presence and abundance at select sites. Continue to monitor Water Pennywort with updated protocol. | Updated protocol is completed and implemented by 2031. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
37.1. Brook Trout | Removal of invasive fish in high priority areas: Continue to complete invasive fish removals (electrofishing, angling, nets) in cold water refugia to reduce direct predation on Brook Trout and forage fish, focusing on Mountain, Kejimkujik and Cobrielle Lakes. | At least 1000 invasive fish are removed annually from high priority areas. The effectiveness of this removal on the aquatic ecosystem will be assessed in 32.1. | 5.4.4 Management/control of aquatic species | 1.1.1 Removing invasive species, pests, weeds or problem species
37.2. Brook Trout | Feasibility of stocking program: Collaborate with partners to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of a fish stocking program in historic cold water refugia in KNPNHS. | Feasibility and effectiveness of implementing a stocking program for Brook Trout to restore historic populations at KNPNHS is determined by 2031. | 5.4.4 Management/control of aquatic species | 8.2.1 Project level evaluations
38. SAR Reptiles | Road mortality surveys: Conduct reptile hotspot surveys and document where road mortality events for herptiles are highest to help determine where road mitigation efforts are needed in the park. | A 2-year study of herptile road surveys along the Main parkway and J-line Road is conducted. Reptile hotspots are documented by 2027. | 4.1.1 Roads | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
39.1. SAR Reptiles | Ecopassage feasibility: Develop a plan to determine effectiveness and feasibility for placing ecopassages in KNPNHS (location, costs, type, logistics required). | The feasibility and steps required to quickly action ecopassage placement are developed and ready if road construction or funding opportunities arise in the park. | 4.1.1 Roads | 6.4.3 Planning for thematic projects or programs
39.2. SAR Reptiles | Ecopassages in KNPNHS: If feasible, place ecopassages with associated fencing in reptile hotspots. | Based on results from 39.1 at least 2 ecopassages with associated fencing are installed during routine road repaving. | 4.1.1 Roads | 2.1.5 Movement / migration management
39.3. SAR Reptiles | Ecopassages across Kespukwitk: Work with partners to install ecopassages with associated fencing in reptile hotspots as opportunities allow. | Through working with regional partners, the feasibility and placement of ecopassages with associated fencing in Kespukwitk is completed by 2036, as possible. | 4.1.1 Roads | 2.1.5 Movement / migration management; 10.3.2 Maintaining or strengthening relationships
40.1. Eastern Ribbonsnake | PIT tag evaluation: In collaboration with partners, continue to implement the use of PIT tags and evaluate their application as a permanent marking technique for Eastern Ribbonsnakes. | PIT tagging methodology is refined and an evaluation of snake marking techniques with recommendations is developed by 2031. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
40.2. Eastern Ribbonsnake | PIT-tag mark-recapture: Conduct surveys (visual, PIT-tag arrays) in collaboration with partners in KNPNHS to collect the mark-recapture data needed to develop population estimates for the species. | Mark-recapture surveys of Eastern Ribbonsnakes are conducted annually at locations with PIT-tagged snakes. In collaboration with partners, the use of pit tag arrays for passive recaptures are evaluated with the results published. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
40.3. Eastern Ribbonsnake | Population monitoring assessment: In collaboration with partners, determine the sampling effort required to estimate population size and trends of Eastern Ribbonsnakes in KNPNHS to inform future population and distribution objectives. | By 2036 an estimation is developed regarding how much sampling is required to estimate population size and trends. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop
41. Eastern Ribbonsnake | Eastern Ribbonsnake habitat usage: Continue to implement radio telemetry efforts at select locations to further refine the understanding of overwintering habitat, seasonal movements, and disturbance, as needed. | Track up to 5 individuals per year as required at locations where improved understanding of seasonal movements and habitat use is needed, or in conjunction with research. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
42. Eastern Ribbonsnake | Winter hibernacula monitoring: In collaboration with partners, develop a monitoring protocol to study winter hibernacula site characteristics and use over time. | A protocol to characterize overwintering sites and how they are used over time is developed by 2031 and implemented according to protocol guidelines. | 11.1.1 Change in vegetation communities | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis; 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
43.1. Common Nighthawk, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Rusty Blackbird, Canada Warbler, Evening Grosbeak, Chimney Swift, Eastern Wood-pewee, Barn Swallow | SAR Bird surveys in Mainland NS: Conduct systematic surveys in suitable habitat at NHSs of Mainland NS using both in-person field identification and the deployment of ARU's. Based on these results update the modelling of suitable SAR bird habitat at these sites. | SAR bird surveys at all NHSs of Mainland NS are completed by 2031 to increase the understanding of distribution and status of SAR birds at National Historic Sites. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
43.2. Olive-sided Flycatcher, Rusty Blackbird, Canada Warbler | Wetland SAR bird monitoring in KNPNHS: Develop and implement a long-term wetland SAR bird monitoring program for KNPNHS. | A wetland SAR bird monitoring protocol is developed by 2029 and implemented by 2031 to gain a better understanding of the presence and distribution of SAR birds in KNPNHS. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
43.3. Olive-sided Flycatcher, Eastern Wood-pewee, Canada Warbler, Bank Swallow, Barn Swallow | Seaside Monitoring: Conduct monitoring of at-risk birds at the Seaside every 5 years. | Monitoring surveys for at-risk birds at the Seaside are conducted every 5 years (twice between 2026-2036) following the 2019 survey recommendations and repeating Bank Swallow surveys. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
44.1. Wisqoq (Black Ash) | Wisqoq distribution: Continue to search for new Wisqoq occurrences in KNPNHS through compilation of observation records, traditional ecological knowledge, and surveys of potential habitat. | Annual Wisqoq surveys are completed in high priority Wisqoq habitat that have not been surveyed by 2031. Surveys are continued if more suitable habitat has yet to be surveyed by 2036. | 8.1.1 Terrestrial animals | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
44.2. Wisqoq (Black Ash), Aqamoq (White Ash) | Climate change threats to Wisqoq and Aqamoq: Investigate ways to mitigate the threats of climate change and invasive species to Wisqoq with regional partners and the Mi'kmaq of NS. | Actions to mitigate threats to Wisqoq within KNPNHS are identified in collaboration with regional partners and the Mi'kmaq of NS by 2036. Mitigations are implemented as needed. | 8.1.1 Terrestrial animals | 8.1.3 Indigenous Knowledge
45.1. Blanding's Turtle, Eastern Ribbonsnake, SAR Lichens, Apistane'wj (American Marten), Tia’m (Mainland Moose) | Landscape corridors: Work with partners to identify key habitat corridors for a suite of species in Kespukwitk (Southwest Nova Scotia) to increase landscape connectivity. | Key habitat corridors for a suite of species in Kespukwitk are identified in collaboration with partners to enhance landscape connectivity. | 5.3.1 Complete removal of the forest cover | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis
45.2. Blanding's Turtle, Eastern Ribbonsnake, SAR Lichens, Apistane'wj (American Marten), Tia’m (Mainland Moose) | Landscape connectivity: Work with partners to protect parcels of land close to the Kejimkujik Seaside and KNPNHS to increase connectivity for SAR across the landscape. | At least 100 ha of land and/or 5 parcels are protected in high priority areas by 2036. | 5.3.1 Complete removal of the forest cover | 6.1.1 Government protected area
46. Blanding’s Turtle, Eastern Painted Turtle, Snapping Turtle, Common Nighthawk | Food availability reduction in high-use areas: Continue to reduce predation by hyperabundant wildlife (i.e., raccoons, red squirrels) through improved food and garbage storage and park visitor education and compliance in the campground and other high use areas. | Park visitors are educated about proper food storage, and reported campground wildlife incidents decrease from 2026-2036. All garbage in the park is properly stored with less than two incidents of wildlife getting into park garbage receptacles during this period. | 8.2.5 Increased predation by mesopredators | 1.1.9 Visitor management
47. Apistane'wj (American Marten) | Camera trap monitoring: Continue to work with Mi'kmaq partners and the province and conduct annual camera trap monitoring in Kejimkujik to support regional surveying goals. Support camera trap monitoring outside the park as required. | A better understanding of the distribution of Apistane'wj within KNPNHS is gained through conducting camera trap monitoring in at least 3 sites annually, following protocols developed with Mi’kmaq partners and the province. | 11.1.1 Change in vegetation communities | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
48.1. SAR BatsFootnote 36 | Bat acoustic surveys: Continue to annually employ NABat methods for stationary acoustic surveys in both KNPNHS and Kejimkujik Seaside and contribute data to the NABat program to better understand regional population status. | Stationary acoustic monitoring is conducted at 10 sites within KNPNHS (8 sites) and Kejimkujik Seaside (2 sites) and data are contributed to the NABat program. Understanding of how the population is changing post-WNS is improved. | 8.4.3 Fungal pathogens | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
48.2. SAR Bats | Bat presence at National Historic Sites: Use stationary acoustic surveys to determine the presence/absence of bats at NHSs of Mainland NS. | One stationary acoustic survey is conducted at each NHS within Mainland NS by 2036 to determine the presence and activity levels of bats within each site. | 8.4.3 Fungal pathogens | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
49 SAR Bats | Migratory bat monitoring at Kejimkujik Seaside: Employ stationary acoustic methods at Kejimkujik Seaside to better understand fall migration timing shifts due to climate change. | Stationary acoustic monitoring is conducted at Kejimkujik Seaside every 5-years to understand if migration timing is being altered by climate change. | 11.1.2 Phenological mismatch | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
50. Barn Swallow | Alternative nesting habitat creation: Design stand-a-lone nesting structures for Barn Swallows and install structures in areas that historically had nesting Barn Swallows or if buildings with nesting activity are decommissioned (e.g., Eel Weir, Jeremy’s Bay Campground, and Grafton Lake). | Alternative nesting habitat is provided in at least 1 historic nesting location that is not currently used anymore (e.g., Eel Weir Bridge and Grafton Lake) by 2030. Alternative nesting habitat is provided when buildings with nesting activity are decommissioned (e.g. Jeremy’s Bay Campground). | 1.1.2 Low-density housing areas | 2.1.1 Species-structure creation
51.1. Eastern Hemlock | Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA): Continue to collaborate with regional and Mi’kmaq partners on the use of biocontrol. Support the Canadian Forest Service on biocontrol releases within and around KNPNHS. | From 2026 to 2036, the releases of biocontrol within KNPNHS are supported opportunistically. | 8.1.1 Terrestrial animals | 1.1.7 Biological actions
51.2. Eastern Hemlock | Chemical Control of HWA: Continue to use chemical control to reduce the effects of HWA on Hemlock trees in KNPNHS until biocontrol populations are well established. | At least 4500 trees are re-treated on a 5-7 year cycle as necessary. | 8.1.1 Terrestrial animals | 1.1.6 Chemical actions
51.3. Eastern Hemlock | HWA management effectiveness monitoring: Monitor and assess Eastern Hemlock canopy health to determine the effectiveness of active management of HWA in KNPNHS. | The canopy health of Eastern Hemlock is monitored annually in at least 8 stands across KNPNHS. | 8.1.1 Terrestrial animals | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
52.1. Monarch Butterfly | Native milkweed planting: Plant and protect native milkweed at NHSs of Mainland NS to contribute towards the national recovery goal of maintaining or increasing native milkweed in Canada. Maintain milkweed gardens at KNPNHS. | Native milkweed (seeds collected in Kejimkujik) is planted and maintained through organized volunteer events in five areas by 2036. Milkweed gardens are tended to so they persist at KNPNHS. | 7.3.2 Vegetation succession | 1.2.2 Planting vegetation to create habitat
52.2. Monarch Butterfly, Yellow-banded Bumble Bee | Nectar sources for pollinators: Designate areas to be left uncut at NHSs of Mainland NS so that native pollinator plants can provide nectar sources for butterflies and bees. | A plan is completed by 2028 to set aside no-mow areas at NHSs of Mainland NS to inform best management practices. | 7.3.2 Vegetation succession | 1.1.11 Implementation of better management practices or land use guidelines
53.1. Monarch Butterfly | Milkweed abundance and distribution: Conduct systematic surveys to monitor milkweed abundance and distribution, assess habitat quality and identify priority areas at NHSs of Mainland NS and share data with nationwide programs. | By 2028, a milkweed inventory is completed and mapped at all NHs of Mainland NS and shared with nationwide programs. | 7.3.2 Vegetation succession | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
53.2. Monarch Butterfly | Migration pathway and staging data gaps: Survey Kejimkujik Seaside during peak fall migration using regional protocols from ECCC and share data with partners. Support Canadian Monarch tracking and tagging initiatives, as necessary. | At least one survey is conducted annually at Kejimkujik Seaside, and any data collected is shared with partners. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
54.1. Yellow-banded Bumble Bee | Bee Surveys: Work with partners to conduct standardized bee surveys (i.e. Bumble Bee Watch, UNIR, PEI NP protocols). | Non-lethal bee surveys are conducted across a range of potential habitat types in KNPNHS by 2036. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
54.2. Yellow-banded Bumble Bee | Non-target impacts on pollinators: Work with partners to conduct non-target impact studies on pollinators in hemlock stands treated with pesticides. | One research study comparing bee abundance in treated stands compared with non-treated stands is completed by 2031. | 9.3.3 Herbicides & pesticides | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
55.1. SAR Lichens | Standardize monitoring with regional protocols: Develop and initiate a long-term rare lichen monitoring protocol in line with the standardized province-wide protocol for Mainland NS to further understanding of the changes in lichen communities, their threats, and to contribute to province-wide monitoring. | A long-term monitoring program for SAR lichens in KNPNHS and Kejimkujik Seaside is developed with partners by 2028 and implemented every 5 years once developed. | Knowledge gaps | 6.4.2 Species specific plan
55.2. SAR Lichens | Lichen surveys: Continue rare lichen surveys in areas that have yet to be surveyed to better understand lichen communities in the park and the ecological context the park plays in lichen conservation and connectivity in the greater landscape. | Rare lichen publication with the Canadian Museum of Nature for Mainland NS is completed by 2034. Occurrence list of SAR lichen is updated by 2036 with ACCDC. | Knowledge gaps | 8.1.1 Field Research/Monitoring
55.3. SAR Lichens | Understand threats to lichen: Collaborate with partners to better understand the impact of climate change and gastropod herbivory. | Understanding of the threat of climate change and gastropods on lichen is improved within Kesputwitk by 2036. Control or mitigation measures are considered if gastropods (particularly non-native species) are found to be a significant limiting factor. | 8.2.3 Localized increase in invertebrate grazing | 8.1.2 Desktop/benchtop research and analysis

## Footnotes

Footnote 1

  https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry.html

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Footnote 2

  www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-act-accord-funding/protection-federal-provincial-territorial-accord.html

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Footnote 3

  Occurrence of the species is, or is thought to be, consistent in the park, e.g., it may migrate in and out of the park, but it returns on a regular basis.

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Footnote 4

  Threats were categorized based on the Conservation Measures Partnership Direct Threats Classification, version 2.0.

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Footnote 5

  Actions were categorized based on the Conservation Measures Partnership Conservation Actions Classification version 2.0. Some recovery measures may be assigned multiple action classifications, resulting in a higher total number of action classifications than recovery measures in this plan.

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Footnote 6

  Telitpiaq ta’n na mimajultite’wk na, kisna telte’tasik ta’n na, kaqisk na ta’n amalitasik, e.g., Jiptuk ajuksultitaq piskwita’jik aqq tewita’jik ta’n na amalitasik, katu na apaja’sik ke’sk na kaqisk etek.

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Footnote 7

  Lukwaqna’tikekl na tepkiso’tasiksipnikl etek ta’n na Westawiasik Enkasikl Toqo’mamk Ankmayiw Lukwaqna’tikekl Ewikasikl, etek 2.0.

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Footnote 8

  Tel-lukwemkl na tepkisa’tasiksipnn etek ta’n na Westawiasik Enkasikl Toqo’mamk Westawiasik Tel-lukwemkl Ewikasik etek 2.0. Kijka’ apaji-msnmkl enkasikl na jiptuk ika’tasiktital milamu’kl tel-lukwutikl ewikasultikl, ika’q na ta’n naji-espitek msit te’sekl ta’n tel-lukwek ewikasikl ta’n apaji-msnmk enkasik ta’n ula kisitasik

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Footnote 9

  In 2018, the federal government, in collaboration with the provinces and territories, implemented the Pan-Canadian Approach to Transforming Species at Risk Conservation in Canada. This approach has a muti-species ecosystem focus and has identified 11 places of high biodiversity across the country called Priority Places, including the Kespukwitk/Southwest Nova Priority Place.

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Footnote 10

  The Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, or Conservation Standards for short, were developed by the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) and are a widely adopted set of principles and practices that bring together common concepts, approaches, and terminology for conservation project design, management, and monitoring.

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Footnote 11

  Mi’kmaq species names are identified and described as available from the Mi’kmaw Bestiary (Hebda 2014), L’nui’suti app, and the Multi-species Action Plan for Prince Edward Island (Parks Canada 2025) and reviewed by KMKNO. The Wasoqopa’q SAR team worked with Tuma Young to come up with a Mi’kmaw name for the Eastern Ribbonsnake: Elapaqtekjijk. A translation for lichen could not be found in Mi’kmaq.

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Footnote 12

  Etuaptmumk is a L’nu principle developed by Dr. Albert Marshall and Murdena Marshall, Mi’kmaw Elders.

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Footnote 13

  Netukulimk is a Mi’kmaw understanding to achieve adequate standards of community nutrition and economic well-being without jeopardizing the integrity, diversity, or productivity of our environment.

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Footnote 14

  Climate change predictions are outlined in the “Supplemental Climate Information for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site” (Parker and Smith 2019) and the Parks Canada Climate Summary for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site – inland (2024a).

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Footnote 15

  Climate change predictions are outlined in the “Supplemental Climate Information for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site” (Parker and Smith 2019) and the Parks Canada Climate Summary for Kejimkujik National Park Seaside (2024b).

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Footnote 16

  Conservation Measures Partnership Conservation Actions Classification version 2.0 is an international standard designed to provide a simple, hierarchical, comprehensive, consistent, expandable, exclusive and scalable classification of all conservation actions.

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Footnote 17

  The CMP actions classification title is Institutional Development. The title has been changed to better reflect PC’s approaches and relationships with partners.

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Footnote 18

  Bank Swallow are not included in Table 1 of this action plan as they have not been detected in the park for over 10 years. Measure 43.3 includes monitoring every five years to confirm Bank Swallow presence/absence.

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Footnote 19

  SARA ss. 58(2) describes a federal protected area as a national park of Canada named and described in Schedule 1 to the Canada National Parks Act, the Rouge National Urban Park established by the Rouge National Urban Park Act, a marine protected area under the Oceans Act, a migratory bird sanctuary under the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 or a national wildlife area under the Canada Wildlife Act.

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Footnote 20

  National objectives as per the most recent version of relevant recovery documents found in References section.

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Footnote 21

  Where population and distribution objectives have been established for KNPNHS, monitoring is designed to directly measure success in achieving those goals.

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Footnote 22

  Several measures in this plan will require a Mi’kmaw Ethics Watch (MEW) application. All research that involves Traditional Mi’kmaw Ways of Knowing and Being needs to have a MEW review before implementation to ensure ethical research with the Mi’kmaq of NS.

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Footnote 23

  Recovery measures were prioritized as described in Section 3.0

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Footnote 24

  Threats were classified using the CMP (Level 1 and 2) and Quebec (Level 3) threats classification system.

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Footnote 25

  Recovery Measures were classified using the CMP (level 1 and 2) and CWS (Level 3) action classification system.

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Footnote 26

  Blanding’s Turtle in Appendix B and C refers to the Nova Scotia Population and hereafter referred to as Blanding’s Turtle

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Footnote 27

  Plamu (Atlantic Salmon) in Appendix B and C refers to the Nova Scotia Southern Upland population and is hereafter referred to as Plamu (Atlantic Salmon)

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Footnote 28

  Eastern Ribbonsnake in Appendix B and C refers to the Atlantic population and is hereafter referred to as Eastern Ribbonsnake.

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Footnote 29

  SAR Reptiles in Appendix B and C collectively refer to all reptiles located in Table 1: Blanding’s Turtle (Nova Scotia population), Eastern Ribbonsnake (Atlantic Population), Snapping Turtle and Eastern Painted Turtle.

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Footnote 30

  Piping Plover in Appendix B and C refers to the melodus subspecies and is hereafter referred to as Piping Plover.

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Footnote 31

  SAR lichens in Appendix B and C collectively refers to all lichen species listed in Table 1: Vole Ears Lichen, Black Foam Lichen, Wrinkled Shingle Lichen, Blue Felt Lichen, Frosted Glass Whiskers (Atlantic Population), Scaly Fringe Lichen, White-rimmed Shingle Lichen and Perforated Ruffle Lichen. Note: Perforated Ruffle Lichen is not assessed under COSEWIC or listed under SARA but is included in this grouping as it is only known from 2 locations in Canada, including KNPKNS.

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Footnote 32

  Threats were classified using the CMP (Level 1 and 2) and Quebec (Level 3) threats classification system.

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Footnote 33

  Recovery Measures were classified using the CMP (level 1 and 2) and CWS (Level 3) action classification system.

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Footnote 34

  A situation analysis within the framework of Conservation Standards is an assessment of the key factors affecting conservation targets, including direct and indirect threats, opportunities, and the stakeholders involved.

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Footnote 35

  A results chain within the framework of Conservation Standards includes core assumptions about how a strategy will help to maintain, improve or restore a target.

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Footnote 36

  SAR Bats in Appendix C collectively refers to all bat species listed in Table 1: Little Brown Myotis, Northern Myotis, Tri-coloured Bat, Eastern Red Bat, Hoary Bat and Silver-haired Bat.

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Date modified :
  2026-02-24